Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryActivity for amusement only, especially among the young. · Similar activity in young animals, as they explore their environment and learn new skills. · The conduct, or course, of a game. · The sphere or circumstance in which a playing implement, such as a ball, is played or available to be played (see also in play, out of play).
Etymology tree Proto-West Germanic *plehan Old English pleġan Proto-West Germanic *plegō Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ti Proto-Germanic *-ōną Proto-West Germanic *-ōn Proto-West Germanic *plegōn Old English plegian Middle English pleyen Proto-West Germanic *plegō Old English plega Middle English pleye English play From Middle English pleyen (verb) and Middle English pleye (noun), from Old English plegian and plegan, plagian (“to play, exercise, etc.”), from Proto-West Germanic *plehan (“to care about, be concerned with”) and Proto-West Germanic *plegōn (“to engage, move”), of uncertain origin. cognates and related terms Cognate with Scots play (“to act or move briskly, cause to move, stir”), Saterland Frisian pleegje (“to look after, care for, maintain”), West Frisian pleegje, pliigje (“to commit, perform, bedrive”), Middle Dutch pleyen ("to dance, leap for joy, rejoice, be glad"; compare Modern Dutch pleien (“to play a particular children's game”)), Dutch plegen (“to commit, bedrive, practice”), German pflegen (“to care for, be concerned with, attend to, tend”). Related also to Old English plēon (“to risk, endanger”). More at plight, pledge. The noun is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, plega, plæġa (“play, quick motion, movement, exercise; (athletic) sport, game; festivity, drama; battle; gear for games, an implement for a game; clapping with the hands, applause”), deverbative of plegian (“to play”); see above.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionpleyenenm
- Inherited-form mentionpleyeenm
- Inherited-form mentionplegianang
- Inherited-form mention*plehangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*plegōngmw-pro
- Cognate mentionplaysco
- Cognate mentionpleegjestq
- Cognate mentionpleegjefy
- Cognate mentionpleyendum
- Cognate mentionpleiennl
- Cognate mentionplegennl
- Cognate mentionpflegende
- Cognate mentionplēonang
- Inherited-form mentionplæġang
This page abbreviates 16 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:pleyen<id:play>",
"4": "enm:pleye",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-West Germanic *plehan\nOld English pleġan\nProto-West Germanic *plegō\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂ti\nProto-Germanic *-ōną\nProto-West Germanic *-ōn\nProto-West Germanic *plegōn\nOld English plegian\nMiddle English pleyen\nProto-West Germanic *plegō\nOld English plega\nMiddle English pleye\nEnglish play\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"pleġan\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"exercise\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*plegō\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"factitive verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*plegōn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"plegian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"pleyen\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"exercise\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"gmw-pro\", \"id\" : \"exercise\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*plegō\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"plega\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"pleye\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"play\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"play\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "pleyen",
"pos": "verb"
},
"expansion": "Middle English pleyen (verb)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "pleye",
"pos": "noun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English pleye (noun)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "plegian"
},
"expansion": "Old English plegian"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*plehan",
"4": "",
"5": "to care about, be concerned with"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *plehan (“to care about, be concerned with”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*plegōn",
"4": "",
"5": "to engage, move"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *plegōn (“to engage, move”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cognates and related terms"
},
"expansion": "cognates and related terms"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "play",
"3": "",
"4": "to act or move briskly, cause to move, stir"
},
"expansion": "Scots play (“to act or move briskly, cause to move, stir”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "pleegje",
"3": "",
"4": "to look after, care for, maintain"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian pleegje (“to look after, care for, maintain”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "pleegje"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian pleegje"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "pleyen"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch pleyen"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "pleien",
"3": "",
"4": "to play a particular children's game"
},
"expansion": "Dutch pleien (“to play a particular children's game”)"
},
{
"name": "gloss",
"args": {
"1": "\"to dance, leap for joy, rejoice, be glad\"; compare Modern Dutch <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"nl\">pleien</i> (“to play a particular children's game”)"
},
"expansion": "(\"to dance, leap for joy, rejoice, be glad\"; compare Modern Dutch pleien (“to play a particular children's game”))"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "plegen",
"3": "",
"4": "to commit, bedrive, practice"
},
"expansion": "Dutch plegen (“to commit, bedrive, practice”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "pflegen",
"3": "",
"4": "to care for, be concerned with, attend to, tend"
},
"expansion": "German pflegen (“to care for, be concerned with, attend to, tend”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "plēon",
"3": "",
"4": "to risk, endanger"
},
"expansion": "Old English plēon (“to risk, endanger”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "pleye"
},
"expansion": "Middle English pleye"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "plæġ"
},
"expansion": "Old English plæġ"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:pleyen<id:play>",
"4": "enm:pleye",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-West Germanic *plehan\nOld English pleġan\nProto-West Germanic *plegō\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂ti\nProto-Germanic *-ōną\nProto-West Germanic *-ōn\nProto-West Germanic *plegōn\nOld English plegian\nMiddle English pleyen\nProto-West Germanic *plegō\nOld English plega\nMiddle English pleye\nEnglish play"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*plehan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plehan"
],
[
"pleġan",
"plegan#Old_English"
],
[
"*plegō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plegō#Proto-West_Germanic:_exercise"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-eh₂yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_suf"
],
[
"*-h₂ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti#Proto-Indo-European:_factitive_verb"
],
[
"*-ōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōną"
],
[
"*-ōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōn#Proto-West_Germanic:_denominative"
],
[
"*plegōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plegōn"
],
[
"plegian",
"plegian#Old_English"
],
[
"pleyen",
"pleyen#Middle_English:_play"
],
[
"*plegō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plegō#Proto-West_Germanic:_exercise"
],
[
"plega",
"plega#Old_English"
],
[
"pleye",
"pleye#Middle_English"
],
[
"pleyen",
"pleyen#Middle_English"
],
[
"pleye",
"pleye#Middle_English"
],
[
"plegian",
"plegian#Old_English"
],
[
"plegan",
"plegan#Old_English"
],
[
"plagian",
"plagian#Old_English"
],
[
"*plehan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plehan"
],
[
"*plegōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/plegōn"
],
[
"play",
"play#Scots"
],
[
"pleegje",
"pleegje#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"pleegje",
"pleegje#West_Frisian"
],
[
"pliigje",
"pliigje#West_Frisian"
],
[
"pleyen",
"pleyen#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"Dutch",
"w:Dutch language"
],
[
"pleien",
"pleien#Dutch"
],
[
"plegen",
"plegen#Dutch"
],
[
"pflegen",
"pflegen#German"
],
[
"plēon",
"pleon#Old_English"
],
[
"plight",
"plight#English"
],
[
"pledge",
"pledge#English"
],
[
"pleye",
"pleye#Middle_English"
],
[
"plæġ",
"plæg#Old_English"
],
[
"plega",
"plega#Old_English"
],
[
"plæġa",
"plæga#Old_English"
],
[
"motion",
"motion"
],
[
"movement",
"movement"
],
[
"sport",
"sport"
],
[
"game",
"game"
],
[
"drama",
"drama"
],
[
"battle",
"battle"
],
[
"plegian",
"plegian#Old_English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"word": "プレイ",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "purei"
},
{
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"word": "플레이",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "peullei"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Activity for amusement only, especially among the young.",
"Similar activity in young animals, as they explore their environment and learn new skills.",
"The conduct, or course, of a game.",
"The sphere or circumstance in which a playing implement, such as a ball, is played or available to be played (see also in play, out of play)."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"also",
"figuratively"
],
"recordId": "8f22cc05b25c8e0e34ea73ef9ce3a601a9dde68f1063beddaa516c6b3bd9ef34",
"rawRecordSha256": "daba591feecdb91f8bb1e91fdc851eff25ae21060783aa434a91db54d18d7670",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 38876
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 16,
"glosses": 0
}
}