*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of ply

From Middle English pleit, plit, plite (“a fold, pleat, wrinkle; braid, strand in a braided cord, ply”), from Anglo-Norman pli, plei, pleit, and Middle French pli, ploy, ply (“a fold, pleat; joint in armour; situation, s

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
noun

A layer of material. · A strand that, twisted together with other strands, makes up rope or yarn. · Clipping of plywood. · In two-player sequential games, a "half-turn" or a move made by one of the players.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English pleit, plit, plite (“a fold, pleat, wrinkle; braid, strand in a braided cord, ply”), from Anglo-Norman pli, plei, pleit, and Middle French pli, ploy, ply (“a fold, pleat; joint in armour; situation, state”) (modern French pli (“a fold, pleat”)), from plier, ployer (“to bend, fold”), from Latin plicāre (“to bend, fold, roll up”), from Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionpleitenm
  • Derivation mentionplifrm
  • Cognate mentionplifr
  • Derivation mention*pleḱ-ine-pro

This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "pleit"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English pleit"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "pli"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman pli"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "pli"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French pli"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "pli",
        "3": "",
        "4": "a fold, pleat"
      },
      "expansion": "French pli (“a fold, pleat”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*pleḱ-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to fold, plait, weave"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pleḱ- (“to fold, plait, weave”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "pleit",
      "pleit#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "plit",
      "plit#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "plite",
      "plite#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "pli",
      "pli#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "plei",
      "plei#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "pleit",
      "pleit#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "pli",
      "pli#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "ploy",
      "ploy#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "ply",
      "ply#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "pli",
      "pli#French"
    ],
    [
      "plier",
      "plier#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "ployer",
      "ployer#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "plicāre",
      "plico#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*pleḱ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pleḱ-"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A layer of material.",
        "A strand that, twisted together with other strands, makes up rope or yarn.",
        "Clipping of plywood.",
        "In two-player sequential games, a \"half-turn\" or a move made by one of the players."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "countable",
        "uncountable",
        "abbreviation",
        "alt-of",
        "clipping",
        "colloquial"
      ],
      "recordId": "4fe7cb54e312c43e19d58b56e3582b410335277ffbc442328709a73cf2a698ca",
      "rawRecordSha256": "b9e58f0cf679241b18bfce882a4596d1ccee998c5191e49056e0f30dc9f875d0",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 148148
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 1,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To bend; to fold; to mould; (figuratively) to adapt, to modify; to change (a person's) mind, to cause (a person) to submit. · To bend, to flex; to be bent by something, to give way or yield (to a force, etc.).

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English plīen, pli, plie (“to bend, fold, mould, shape; to be flexible; to be submissive, humble oneself; to compel someone to submit”), from Anglo-Norman plier, plaier, pleier, ploier, and Middle French plier, ployer (“to bend, fold; to be submissive; to compel someone to submit”) (modern French plier, ployer), from Old French ploiier, pleier (“to fold”), from Latin plicāre (“to fold”); see further at etymology 1. The word is cognate with Catalan plegar (“to bend, fold”), Italian piegare (“to bend, fold, fold up”), Old Occitan plegar, plejar, pleyar (“to fold”) (modern Occitan plegar), Spanish plegar (“to fold”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "plīen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English plīen"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "plier"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman plier"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "plier"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French plier"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fr",
        "2": "plier"
      },
      "expansion": "French plier"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "¹"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "ploiier"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French ploiier"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "plico",
        "4": "plicāre",
        "5": "to fold"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin plicāre (“to fold”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ca",
        "2": "plegar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to bend, fold"
      },
      "expansion": "Catalan plegar (“to bend, fold”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "it",
        "2": "piegare",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to bend, fold, fold up"
      },
      "expansion": "Italian piegare (“to bend, fold, fold up”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "pro",
        "2": "plegar"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Occitan plegar"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "oc",
        "2": "plegar"
      },
      "expansion": "Occitan plegar"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "es",
        "2": "plegar",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to fold"
      },
      "expansion": "Spanish plegar (“to fold”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "plīen",
      "plien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "pli",
      "pli#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "plie",
      "plie#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "plier",
      "plier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "plaier",
      "plaier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "pleier",
      "pleier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "ploier",
      "ploier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "plier",
      "plier#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "ployer",
      "ployer#Middle_French"
    ],
    [
      "plier",
      "plier#French"
    ],
    [
      "ployer",
      "ployer#French"
    ],
    [
      "ploiier",
      "ploiier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "pleier",
      "pleier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "plicāre",
      "plico#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "etymology 1",
      "#Etymology 1"
    ],
    [
      "plegar",
      "plegar#Catalan"
    ],
    [
      "piegare",
      "piegare#Italian"
    ],
    [
      "plegar",
      "plegar#Old_Occitan"
    ],
    [
      "plejar",
      "plejar#Old_Occitan"
    ],
    [
      "pleyar",
      "pleyar#Old_Occitan"
    ],
    [
      "plegar",
      "plegar#Occitan"
    ],
    [
      "plegar",
      "plegar#Spanish"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To bend; to fold; to mould; (figuratively) to adapt, to modify; to change (a person's) mind, to cause (a person) to submit.",
        "To bend, to flex; to be bent by something, to give way or yield (to a force, etc.)."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive",
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "fbd2c34d3aa96daa2406455720c028234b4b63377e2414fd122b67e7ba0b08ad",
      "rawRecordSha256": "6204be65ddb135247a0fcc951a11a7f9b5883371cf2455f6be8217bd1ef8de3b",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 148149
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
verb

To work at (something) diligently. · To wield or use (a tool, a weapon, etc.) steadily or vigorously. · To press upon; to urge persistently. · To persist in offering something to, especially for the purpose of inducement or persuasion.

noun

A bent; a direction.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From apply; compare Middle English plīen, pli, plie, pleie (“to place (something) around, on, or over, to cover; to apply, use; to strive”), short for aplīen, applīen (“to combine, join; to attach; to assemble; to use, be of use; to allot; to apply; to inflict; to go; to ply, steer; to comply, submit”), from Old French applier, aplier, aploier (“to bend; to apply”), from Latin applicāre, present active infinitive of applicō (“to apply; to attach, join; to add”), from ad- (“to, towards”) + plicō (“to bend, fold, roll up”); see further at etymology 1.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

This page abbreviates 3 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "2"
      },
      "expansion": "²"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "plīen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English plīen"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "applier"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French applier"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "applicāre"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin applicāre"
    },
    {
      "name": "glossary",
      "args": {
        "1": "present"
      },
      "expansion": "present"
    },
    {
      "name": "glossary",
      "args": {
        "1": "active"
      },
      "expansion": "active"
    },
    {
      "name": "glossary",
      "args": {
        "1": "infinitive"
      },
      "expansion": "infinitive"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "apply",
      "apply#English"
    ],
    [
      "plīen",
      "plien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "pli",
      "pli#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "plie",
      "plie#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "pleie",
      "pleie#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "aplīen",
      "aplien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "applīen",
      "applien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "applier",
      "applier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "aplier",
      "aplier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "aploier",
      "aploier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "applicāre",
      "applicare#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "applicō",
      "applico#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "ad-",
      "ad-#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "plicō",
      "plico#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "etymology 1",
      "#Etymology 1"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To work at (something) diligently.",
        "To wield or use (a tool, a weapon, etc.) steadily or vigorously.",
        "To press upon; to urge persistently.",
        "To persist in offering something to, especially for the purpose of inducement or persuasion."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "061d13a935f8c342aa6dd902e8e55aebb8e7d82b3e0b3f20e19144f71cfcc77d",
      "rawRecordSha256": "f5bab993f42e3f0b1a12a5e4e8b8d02f1773e92aec330aed7a15f4d994d2b4e1",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 148150
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A bent; a direction."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "56a363ceb76c1783b7adb099825bd2a72d4e6c6b3aa1408a7b04d2574d0f8c14",
      "rawRecordSha256": "12271c2f799537fa7ace6c6fb5ff2698a6c7f49425e72540ecb7aa744bfd3b5e",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 148151
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 3,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for ply →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-cGx5