Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Hard, firm; obdurate. · Severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather). · Strong; vigorous; powerful. · Stiff, rigid.
Starkly; entirely, absolutely.
From Middle English stark, starc, from Old English stearc, starc (“stiff, rigid, unyielding, obstinate, hard, strong, severe, violent”), from Proto-West Germanic *stark, from Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”), Dutch sterk (“strong”), Low German sterk (“strong”), German stark (“strong”), Danish stærk (“strong”), Swedish stark (“strong”), Norwegian sterk (“strong”), Icelandic sterkur (“strong”). Related to starch. In the phrase stark naked: an alternation of Middle English stert naked, from stert (“tail”), a literal parallel to the modern butt naked.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionstarkenm
- Inherited-form mentionstearcang
- Inherited-form mention*starkgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*starkuzgem-pro · stiff, strong
- Derivation mention*(s)terg-ine-pro · rigid, stiff
- Cognate mentionstercstq
- Cognate mentionsterknl
- Cognate mentionsterknds
- Cognate mentionstarkde
- Cognate mentionstærkda
- Cognate mentionstarksv
- Cognate mentionsterkno
- Cognate mentionsterkuris
This page abbreviates 3 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stark"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stark"
},
{
"name": "inh",
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"3": "stearc"
},
"expansion": "Old English stearc"
},
{
"name": "inh",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stark"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*starkuz",
"t": "stiff, strong"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *starkuz (“stiff, strong”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)terg-",
"t": "rigid, stiff"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)terg- (“rigid, stiff”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "sterc",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian sterc (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Dutch sterk (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Low German sterk (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "German stark (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stærk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Danish stærk (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stark",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stark (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "sterk",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian sterk (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sterkur",
"3": "",
"4": "strong"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sterkur (“strong”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "stert naked"
},
"expansion": "Middle English stert naked"
}
],
"links": [
[
"stark",
"stark#Middle_English"
],
[
"starc",
"starc#Middle_English"
],
[
"stearc",
"stearc#Old_English"
],
[
"starc",
"starc#Old_English"
],
[
"*stark",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stark"
],
[
"*starkuz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/starkuz"
],
[
"*(s)terg-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)terg-"
],
[
"sterc",
"sterc#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"sterk",
"sterk#Dutch"
],
[
"sterk",
"sterk#Low_German"
],
[
"stark",
"stark#German"
],
[
"stærk",
"stærk#Danish"
],
[
"stark",
"stark#Swedish"
],
[
"sterk",
"sterk#Norwegian"
],
[
"sterkur",
"sterkur#Icelandic"
],
[
"starch",
"starch#English"
],
[
"stark naked",
"stark naked#English"
],
[
"stert naked",
"stert naked#Middle_English"
],
[
"stert",
"stert#Middle_English"
],
[
"butt naked",
"butt naked#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Hard, firm; obdurate.",
"Severe; violent; fierce (now usually in describing the weather).",
"Strong; vigorous; powerful.",
"Stiff, rigid."
],
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{
"pos": "adv",
"glosses": [
"Starkly; entirely, absolutely."
],
"tags": [
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