Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗The condition of being stunned. · That which stuns; a shock; a stupefying blow. · A person who lacks intelligence. · The effect on the cue ball where the ball is hit without topspin, backspin or sidespin.
To incapacitate; especially by inducing disorientation or unconsciousness. · To shock or surprise. · To hit the cue ball so that it slides without topspin or backspin (and with or without sidespin) and continues at a natural angle after contact with the object ball · To enter a stunned state.
Inherited from Middle English stonen, stone (“to astonish, stun, numb”, also stoneyen), probably either directly or indirectly from Anglo-Norman estoner (“to stun, astonish”), from Late Latin *stunāre, from Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash”) or perhaps from an unattested Latin *extonāre (“to thunder out, make a thunderous sound”), from tonāre ("to thunder"; compare Latin attonāre). An alternative etymology derives stonen from Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”), from Proto-West Germanic *stunōn. See also astonish, astound. Compare Swedish stöna (“to moan, groan”), Danish stønne (“to moan, groan”), Icelandic stynja (“to moan”), Occitan estonar (“to surprise”), and French étonner (“to surprise”), and more distantly, Dutch steunen (“to groan; support”), German stöhnen (“to groan, moan”), German staunen (“to be astonished, be amazed, marvel at”), and Russian стонать (stonatʹ), стена́ть (stenátʹ, “to moan, groan”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*(s)tenh₂-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionstonenenm
- Cognate mentionattonola
- Inherited-form mentionstunianang · to smash, thunder
- Inherited-form mention*stunōngmw-pro
- Cognate mentionstönasv · to moan, groan
- Cognate mentionstønneda · to moan, groan
- Cognate mentionstynjais · to moan
- Cognate mentionestonaroc · to surprise
- Cognate mentionétonnerfr · to surprise
- Cognate mentionsteunennl · to groan; support
- Cognate mentionstöhnende · to groan, moan
- Cognate mentionstaunende · to be astonished, be amazed, marvel at
- Cognate mentionстонатьru
This page abbreviates 2 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
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"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)tenh₂-"
},
"expansion": ""
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{
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"3": "stonen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
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"id": "to stun",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
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},
"expansion": "Middle English stonen"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "stonen",
"id": "to stun"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English stonen"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "estoner",
"t": "to stun, astonish"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman estoner (“to stun, astonish”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "*stunō",
"4": "*stunāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin *stunāre"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*stunōn",
"t": "to thunder, crash"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *stunōn (“to thunder, crash”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"3": "*extonāre",
"t": "to thunder out, make a thunderous sound"
},
"expansion": "Latin *extonāre (“to thunder out, make a thunderous sound”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "attono",
"3": "attonāre"
},
"expansion": "Latin attonāre"
},
{
"name": "gl",
"args": {
"1": "\"to thunder\"; compare Latin <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"la\">attonāre</i>"
},
"expansion": "(\"to thunder\"; compare Latin attonāre)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "stunian",
"t": "to smash, thunder"
},
"expansion": "Old English stunian (“to smash, thunder”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*stunōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *stunōn"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "stöna",
"t": "to moan, groan"
},
"expansion": "Swedish stöna (“to moan, groan”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "stønne",
"t": "to moan, groan"
},
"expansion": "Danish stønne (“to moan, groan”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "stynja",
"t": "to moan"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic stynja (“to moan”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "estonar",
"t": "to surprise"
},
"expansion": "Occitan estonar (“to surprise”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "étonner",
"t": "to surprise"
},
"expansion": "French étonner (“to surprise”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "steunen",
"t": "to groan; support"
},
"expansion": "Dutch steunen (“to groan; support”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "stöhnen",
"t": "to groan, moan"
},
"expansion": "German stöhnen (“to groan, moan”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "staunen",
"t": "to be astonished, be amazed, marvel at"
},
"expansion": "German staunen (“to be astonished, be amazed, marvel at”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "стонать"
},
"expansion": "Russian стонать (stonatʹ)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"stonen",
"stonen#Middle_English:_to_stun"
],
[
"stone",
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[
"stoneyen",
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],
[
"estoner",
"estoner#Old_French"
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[
"*stunāre",
"Reconstruction:Latin/stuno"
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[
"*stunōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stunōn"
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[
"tonāre",
"tono#Latin"
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[
"Latin",
"w:Latin"
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[
"attonāre",
"attono#Latin"
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"stonen",
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[
"stunian",
"stunian#Old_English"
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"*stunōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/stunōn"
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[
"astonish",
"astonish#English"
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[
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[
"stöna",
"stöna#Swedish"
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[
"stønne",
"stønne#Danish"
],
[
"stynja",
"stynja#Icelandic"
],
[
"estonar",
"estonar#Occitan"
],
[
"étonner",
"étonner#French"
],
[
"steunen",
"steunen#Dutch"
],
[
"stöhnen",
"stöhnen#German"
],
[
"staunen",
"staunen#German"
],
[
"стонать",
"стонать#Russian"
],
[
"стена́ть",
"стенать#Russian"
]
],
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"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"The condition of being stunned.",
"That which stuns; a shock; a stupefying blow.",
"A person who lacks intelligence.",
"The effect on the cue ball where the ball is hit without topspin, backspin or sidespin."
],
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"To incapacitate; especially by inducing disorientation or unconsciousness.",
"To shock or surprise.",
"To hit the cue ball so that it slides without topspin or backspin (and with or without sidespin) and continues at a natural angle after contact with the object ball",
"To enter a stunned state."
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