*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of shoal

From Middle English schold, scholde, from Old English sċeald (“shallow”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *skalidaz, past participle of *skaljaną (“to go dry, dry up, become shallow”), from *skalaz (“parched, shallow”), from

2 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 2 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
adj

Shallow.

noun

A sandbank or sandbar creating a shallow. · A shallow in a body of water.

verb

To arrive at a shallow (or less deep) area. · To cause a shallowing; to come to a more shallow part of. · To become shallow.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English schold, scholde, from Old English sċeald (“shallow”), perhaps from Proto-Germanic *skalidaz, past participle of *skaljaną (“to go dry, dry up, become shallow”), from *skalaz (“parched, shallow”), from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to dry out”). Cognate with Low German Scholl (“shallow water”), German schal (“stale, flat, vapid”). Compare shallow.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Root classification mention*(s)kelh₁-ine-pro
  • Inherited-form mentionscholdenm
  • Inherited-form mentionsċealdang · shallow
  • Inherited-form mention*skalidazgem-pro
  • Derivation mention*(s)kelh₁-ine-pro · to dry out
  • Cognate mentionSchollnds · shallow water
  • Cognate mentionschalde · stale, flat, vapid
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "wp",
      "args": {},
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kelh₁-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "etymid",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "shallow"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "schold"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English schold"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "sċeald",
        "t": "shallow"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English sċeald (“shallow”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*skalidaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skalidaz"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*(s)kelh₁-",
        "t": "to dry out"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelh₁- (“to dry out”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "Scholl",
        "t": "shallow water"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German Scholl (“shallow water”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "schal",
        "t": "stale, flat, vapid"
      },
      "expansion": "German schal (“stale, flat, vapid”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "schold",
      "schold#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "scholde",
      "scholde#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sċeald",
      "sceald#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*skalidaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skalidaz"
    ],
    [
      "*skaljaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaljaną"
    ],
    [
      "*skalaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skalaz"
    ],
    [
      "*(s)kelh₁-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelh₁-"
    ],
    [
      "Scholl",
      "Scholl#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "schal",
      "schal#German"
    ],
    [
      "shallow",
      "shallow#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
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        "To become shallow."
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}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
noun

Any large number of persons or things. · A large number of fish (or other sea creatures) of the same species swimming together.

verb

To collect in a shoal; to throng.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

1570, presumably from Middle English *schole (“school of fish”), from Old English sċeolu, sċolu (“troop or band of people, host, multitude, division of army, school of fish”), from Proto-West Germanic *skolu, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)kelH- (“to divide, split, separate”). Cognate with West Frisian skoal (“shoal”), Middle Low German schōle (“multitude, troop”), Dutch school (“shoal of fishes”). Doublet of school.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "name": "etymid",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fish"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "*schole",
        "3": "",
        "4": "school of fish"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English *schole (“school of fish”)"
    },
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      "args": {
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        "2": "ang",
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      },
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    },
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      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
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      },
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    },
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      },
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    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
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        "2": "skoal",
        "3": "",
        "4": "shoal"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian skoal (“shoal”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
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        "2": "schōle",
        "3": "",
        "4": "multitude, troop"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German schōle (“multitude, troop”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "school",
        "3": "",
        "4": "shoal of fishes"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch school (“shoal of fishes”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
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      "Reconstruction:Middle English/schole"
    ],
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      "sceolu#Old_English"
    ],
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      "sċolu",
      "scolu#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*skolu",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skolu"
    ],
    [
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      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/(s)kelH-"
    ],
    [
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      "skoal#West_Frisian"
    ],
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      "schōle",
      "schole#Middle_Low_German"
    ],
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      "school",
      "school#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "school",
      "school#English:_group-of-fish"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
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        "A large number of fish (or other sea creatures) of the same species swimming together."
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Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for shoal →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
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Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-c2hvYWw