Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural. · Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural. · Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action. · To owe.
From Middle English schal (infinitive schulen), from Old English sċeal (infinitive sċulan (“should, must”)), from Proto-West Germanic *skulan, from Proto-Germanic *skal (infinitive *skulaną), from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”). Cognate with Scots sall, sal (“shall”), North Frisian skal, schal, Saterland Frisian skäl, schäl, schal (infinitive skälle, schälle), West Frisian sil (infinitive sille (“shall”)), Dutch zal (infinitive zullen (“shall”)), Afrikaans sal, Low German schall (infinitive schölen (“shall”)), German soll (infinitive sollen (“ought to”)), Danish skal (infinitive skulle (“shall”)), Icelandic skal (infinitive skulu (“shall”)), Swedish skall (“shall”) (infinitive skola).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionschalenm
- Inherited-form mentionsċealang
- Inherited-form mention*skulangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*skalgem-pro
- Derivation mention*skel-ine-pro
- Cognate mentionsallsco
- Cognate mentionskalfrr
- Cognate mentionskälstq
- Cognate mentionsilfy
- Cognate mentionzalnl
- Cognate mentionsalaf
- Cognate mentionschallnds
- Cognate mentionsollde
- Cognate mentionskalda
- Cognate mentionskalis
- Cognate mentionskallsv
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "schal"
},
"expansion": "Middle English schal"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "sċeal"
},
"expansion": "Old English sċeal"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*skulan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *skulan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*skal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *skal"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*skel-",
"4": "",
"5": "to owe, be under obligation"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to owe, be under obligation”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "sall"
},
"expansion": "Scots sall"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian skal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "skäl"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian skäl"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "sil"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian sil"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "zal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch zal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "sal"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans sal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "schall"
},
"expansion": "Low German schall"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "soll"
},
"expansion": "German soll"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Danish skal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "skal"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic skal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "skall",
"3": "",
"4": "shall"
},
"expansion": "Swedish skall (“shall”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"schal",
"schal#Middle_English"
],
[
"schulen",
"schulen#Middle_English"
],
[
"sċeal",
"sceal#Old_English"
],
[
"sċulan",
"sculan#Old_English"
],
[
"*skulan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/skulan"
],
[
"*skal",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skal"
],
[
"*skulaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skulaną"
],
[
"*skel-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/skel-"
],
[
"sall",
"sall#Scots"
],
[
"sal",
"sal#Scots"
],
[
"skal",
"skal#North_Frisian"
],
[
"schal",
"schal#North_Frisian"
],
[
"skäl",
"skäl#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"schäl",
"schäl#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"schal",
"schal#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"skälle",
"skälle#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"schälle",
"schälle#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"sil",
"sil#West_Frisian"
],
[
"sille",
"sille#West_Frisian"
],
[
"zal",
"zal#Dutch"
],
[
"zullen",
"zullen#Dutch"
],
[
"sal",
"sal#Afrikaans"
],
[
"schall",
"schall#Low_German"
],
[
"schölen",
"schölen#Low_German"
],
[
"soll",
"soll#German"
],
[
"sollen",
"sollen#German"
],
[
"skal",
"skal#Danish"
],
[
"skulle",
"skulle#Danish"
],
[
"skal",
"skal#Icelandic"
],
[
"skulu",
"skulu#Icelandic"
],
[
"skall",
"skall#Swedish"
],
[
"skola",
"skola#Swedish"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "sa"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"Used before a verb to indicate the simple future tense in the first person singular or plural.",
"Used similarly to indicate determination or obligation in the second and third persons singular or plural.",
"Used in questions with the first person singular or plural to suggest a possible future action.",
"To owe."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary",
"defective",
"modal",
"no-past-participle",
"no-present-participle",
"obsolete"
],
"recordId": "a7665deaa392bab1f0db112a98a5683814f00b4fbfbc367c9512e1b50ca8b284",
"rawRecordSha256": "81e5149276a06b7f611a4386f5f6fc6d0d87e2eed56c4c9dbad2e75ee034c5e4",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 147805
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}