*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of say

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-éye-ti ▲ Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-ti Proto-Germanic *sagjaną Proto-West Germanic *saggjan Old English seċġan Middle English seien English say Fro

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
verb

To pronounce. · To recite. · To tell, either verbally or in writing. · To indicate in a written form.

adv

For example; let us assume.

intj

Used to gain someone's attention before making an inquiry or suggestion

noun

A chance to speak; the right or power to influence or make a decision.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *sekʷ- Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-éye-ti ▲ Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-ti Proto-Germanic *sagjaną Proto-West Germanic *saggjan Old English seċġan Middle English seien English say From Middle English saien, sain, san, secgan, segen, seien, sein, seiȝen, sugen, sægen, ziggen, from Old English seċġan, secgean, secggan, secggean, seggan, sæċġan (“to say, speak”), from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną (“to say”), from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, a suffixed o-grade form of *sekʷ- (“to say”). Cognates Cognate with North Frisian sai, seede, sii, sjide, sooi, säie (“to say”), West Frisian sizze (“to say”), Alemannic German ŝchége, ŝchegi, séege, säge, sägä (“to say”), Bavarian sogn, soon, sågn (“to say”), Dutch zeggen (“to say”), German sagen (“to say”), Low German seggen (“to say, tell”), Luxembourgish soen (“to say”), Vilamovian ziöen, zuön, zuø̄n (“to say”), Yiddish זאָגן (zogn, “to say”), Danish sige (“to say”), Elfdalian saja (“to say”), Faroese siga (“to say”), Icelandic segja (“to say”), Jamtish segi (“to say”), Norwegian Bokmål si (“to say”), Norwegian Nynorsk segja, seia, seie (“to say, tell”), Scanian siğa (“to say”), Swedish säga (“to say”); also Cornish hwedhel (“narrative, story, tale”), Irish scéal (“story, tale”), Manx skeeal (“story; news; narrative”), Scottish Gaelic sgeul (“story, tale; information, news”), Welsh chwedl (“story, tale”), hebu (“to say”), Latin inquam (“to say”), Ancient Greek ἐνέπω (enépō), ἐννέπω (ennépō, “tell or tell about; speak”), Latvian sacīt (“to say, tell”), Lithuanian sakyti (“to say, tell”), Bulgarian соча (soča, “to indicate; to point”), Czech sočit (“to blame, hate”), Old Polish soczyć (“to accuse, slander”), Russian сочи́ть (sočítʹ, “to emit (a liquid)”), Ukrainian сочи́ти (sočýty, “to emit (a liquid), exude, ooze; to drain, sap”). The adverb and interjection are from the verb.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionsaienenm
  • Inherited-form mentionseċġanang
  • Inherited-form mention*saggjangmw-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*sagjanągem-pro · to say
  • Derivation mention*sokʷ-h₁-yé-ine-pro
  • Cognate mentionsaifrr
  • Cognate mentionsizzefy · to say
  • Cognate mentionŝchégegsw
  • Cognate mentionsognbar
  • Cognate mentionzeggennl · to say
  • Cognate mentionsagende · to say
  • Cognate mentionseggennds · to say, tell
  • Cognate mentionsoenlb · to say
  • Cognate mentionziöenwym
  • Cognate mentionזאָגןyi · to say
  • Cognate mentionsigeda · to say
  • Cognate mentionsajaovd · to say
  • Cognate mentionsigafo · to say
  • Cognate mentionsegjais · to say
  • Cognate mentionsegigmq-jmk · to say
  • Cognate mentionsinb · to say
  • Cognate mentionsegjann
  • Cognate mentionsiğagmq-scy · to say
  • Cognate mentionsägasv · to say
  • Cognate mentionhwedhelkw · narrative, story, tale
  • Cognate mentionscéalga · story, tale
  • Cognate mentionskeealgv · story; news; narrative
  • Cognate mentionsgeulgd · story, tale; information, news
  • Cognate mentionchwedlcy · story, tale
  • Cognate mentioninquamla · to say
  • Cognate mentionἐνέπωgrc
  • Cognate mentionsacītlv · to say, tell
  • Cognate mentionsakytilt · to say, tell
  • Cognate mentionсочаbg · to indicate; to point
  • Cognate mentionsočitcs · to blame, hate
  • Cognate mentionsoczyćzlw-opl · to accuse, slander
  • Cognate mentionсочи́тьru · to emit (a liquid)
  • Cognate mentionсочи́тиuk · to emit (a liquid), exude, ooze; to drain, sap
  • Root classification mention*sekʷ-ine-pro

This page abbreviates 4 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:seien<id:say>",
        "id": "tell",
        "tree": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *sekʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *sokʷ-éye-ti\n▲\nProto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-ti\nProto-Germanic *sagjaną\nProto-West Germanic *saggjan\nOld English seċġan\nMiddle English seien\nEnglish say\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*sagjaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*saggjan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"seċġan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"seien\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"say\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"tell\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"say\" id=\"English:_tell\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "saien"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English saien"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "seċġan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English seċġan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*saggjan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *saggjan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*sagjaną",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *sagjaną (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*sokʷ-h₁-yé-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "sai"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian sai"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "sizze",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian sizze (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gsw",
        "2": "ŝchége"
      },
      "expansion": "Alemannic German ŝchége"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "bar",
        "2": "sogn"
      },
      "expansion": "Bavarian sogn"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "zeggen",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch zeggen (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "sagen",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "German sagen (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "seggen",
        "t": "to say, tell"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German seggen (“to say, tell”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lb",
        "2": "soen",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Luxembourgish soen (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "wym",
        "2": "ziöen"
      },
      "expansion": "Vilamovian ziöen"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "זאָגן",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Yiddish זאָגן (zogn, “to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "sige",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish sige (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ovd",
        "2": "saja",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Elfdalian saja (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo",
        "2": "siga",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese siga (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "segja",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic segja (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gmq-jmk",
        "2": "segi",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Jamtish segi (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "si",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål si (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "segja"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk segja"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gmq-scy",
        "2": "siğa",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Scanian siğa (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "säga",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish säga (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "kw",
        "2": "hwedhel",
        "t": "narrative, story, tale"
      },
      "expansion": "Cornish hwedhel (“narrative, story, tale”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ga",
        "2": "scéal",
        "t": "story, tale"
      },
      "expansion": "Irish scéal (“story, tale”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gv",
        "2": "skeeal",
        "t": "story; news; narrative"
      },
      "expansion": "Manx skeeal (“story; news; narrative”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gd",
        "2": "sgeul",
        "t": "story, tale; information, news"
      },
      "expansion": "Scottish Gaelic sgeul (“story, tale; information, news”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "cy",
        "2": "chwedl",
        "t": "story, tale"
      },
      "expansion": "Welsh chwedl (“story, tale”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "inquam",
        "t": "to say"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin inquam (“to say”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ἐνέπω"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐνέπω (enépō)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lv",
        "2": "sacīt",
        "t": "to say, tell"
      },
      "expansion": "Latvian sacīt (“to say, tell”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "sakyti",
        "t": "to say, tell"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian sakyti (“to say, tell”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "bg",
        "2": "соча",
        "t": "to indicate; to point"
      },
      "expansion": "Bulgarian соча (soča, “to indicate; to point”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "cs",
        "2": "sočit",
        "t": "to blame, hate"
      },
      "expansion": "Czech sočit (“to blame, hate”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "zlw-opl",
        "2": "soczyć",
        "t": "to accuse, slander"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Polish soczyć (“to accuse, slander”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "сочи́ть",
        "t": "to emit (a liquid)"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian сочи́ть (sočítʹ, “to emit (a liquid)”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "uk",
        "2": "сочи́ти",
        "t": "to emit (a liquid), exude, ooze; to drain, sap"
      },
      "expansion": "Ukrainian сочи́ти (sočýty, “to emit (a liquid), exude, ooze; to drain, sap”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*sekʷ-",
        "id": "say"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:seien<id:say>",
        "id": "tell",
        "tree": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *sekʷ-\nProto-Indo-European *sokʷ-éye-ti\n▲\nProto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-ti\nProto-Germanic *sagjaną\nProto-West Germanic *saggjan\nOld English seċġan\nMiddle English seien\nEnglish say"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*sekʷ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sekʷ-#Proto-Indo-European:_say"
    ],
    [
      "*sagjaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sagjaną"
    ],
    [
      "*saggjan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/saggjan"
    ],
    [
      "seċġan",
      "secgan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "seien",
      "seien#Middle_English:_say"
    ],
    [
      "saien",
      "saien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sain",
      "sain#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "san",
      "san#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "secgan",
      "secgan#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "segen",
      "segen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "seien",
      "seien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sein",
      "sein#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "seiȝen",
      "seiȝen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sugen",
      "sugen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sægen",
      "sægen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "ziggen",
      "ziggen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "seċġan",
      "secgan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "secgean",
      "secgean#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "secggan",
      "secggan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "secggean",
      "secggean#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "seggan",
      "seggan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "sæċġan",
      "sæcgan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*saggjan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/saggjan"
    ],
    [
      "*sagjaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sagjaną"
    ],
    [
      "*sokʷ-h₁-yé-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sokʷ-h₁-yé-"
    ],
    [
      "*sekʷ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sekʷ-#Proto-Indo-European:_say"
    ],
    [
      "sai",
      "sai#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "seede",
      "seede#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "sii",
      "sii#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "sjide",
      "sjide#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "sooi",
      "sooi#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "säie",
      "säie#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "sizze",
      "sizze#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ŝchége",
      "ŝchége#Alemannic_German"
    ],
    [
      "ŝchegi",
      "ŝchegi#Alemannic_German"
    ],
    [
      "séege",
      "séege#Alemannic_German"
    ],
    [
      "säge",
      "säge#Alemannic_German"
    ],
    [
      "sägä",
      "sägä#Alemannic_German"
    ],
    [
      "sogn",
      "sogn#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "soon",
      "soon#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "sågn",
      "sågn#Bavarian"
    ],
    [
      "zeggen",
      "zeggen#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "sagen",
      "sagen#German"
    ],
    [
      "seggen",
      "seggen#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "soen",
      "soen#Luxembourgish"
    ],
    [
      "ziöen",
      "ziöen#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "zuön",
      "zuön#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "zuø̄n",
      "zuø̄n#Vilamovian"
    ],
    [
      "זאָגן",
      "זאָגן#Yiddish"
    ],
    [
      "sige",
      "sige#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "saja",
      "saja#Elfdalian"
    ],
    [
      "siga",
      "siga#Faroese"
    ],
    [
      "segja",
      "segja#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "segi",
      "segi#Jamtish"
    ],
    [
      "si",
      "si#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "segja",
      "segja#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "seia",
      "seia#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "seie",
      "seie#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "siğa",
      "siğa#Scanian"
    ],
    [
      "säga",
      "säga#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "hwedhel",
      "hwedhel#Cornish"
    ],
    [
      "scéal",
      "scéal#Irish"
    ],
    [
      "skeeal",
      "skeeal#Manx"
    ],
    [
      "sgeul",
      "sgeul#Scottish_Gaelic"
    ],
    [
      "chwedl",
      "chwedl#Welsh"
    ],
    [
      "hebu",
      "hebu#Welsh"
    ],
    [
      "inquam",
      "inquam#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "ἐνέπω",
      "ἐνέπω#Ancient_Greek"
    ],
    [
      "ἐννέπω",
      "ἐννέπω#Ancient_Greek"
    ],
    [
      "sacīt",
      "sacīt#Latvian"
    ],
    [
      "sakyti",
      "sakyti#Lithuanian"
    ],
    [
      "соча",
      "соча#Bulgarian"
    ],
    [
      "sočit",
      "sočit#Czech"
    ],
    [
      "soczyć",
      "soczyć#Old_Polish"
    ],
    [
      "сочи́ть",
      "сочить#Russian"
    ],
    [
      "сочи́ти",
      "сочити#Ukrainian"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To pronounce.",
        "To recite.",
        "To tell, either verbally or in writing.",
        "To indicate in a written form."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "07ea83e5beb1f72b887edf34ef0013a5e36c8db3455f4e3c426891161a34dcf8",
      "rawRecordSha256": "18f0c5bda095cffb3b597eb89b368a2aaa29b94e70842a75416a4f337b882d56",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 7834
    },
    {
      "pos": "adv",
      "glosses": [
        "For example; let us assume."
      ],
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    {
      "pos": "intj",
      "glosses": [
        "Used to gain someone's attention before making an inquiry or suggestion"
      ],
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        "colloquial"
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      "glosses": [
        "A chance to speak; the right or power to influence or make a decision."
      ],
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        "usually"
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Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
noun

A type of fine cloth similar to serge.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle French saie, from Latin saga, plural of sagum (“military cloak”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Derivation mentionsaiefrm
  • Derivation mentionsagala
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
verb

To try; to assay.

noun

Trial by sample; assay; specimen. · Tried quality; temper; proof. · Essay; trial; attempt.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Aphetic form of assay.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for say →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-c2F5