*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of sough

From Middle English *sough, swough, swogh, from Middle English swoȝen, swowen, from Old English swōgan (“to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōgan, from Proto-Germanic *swōganą from

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
verb

To make a soft rustling or murmuring sound.

noun

A murmuring sound; rushing, rustling, or whistling sound. · A gentle breeze; a waft; a breath. · A (deep) sigh. · A vague rumour.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English *sough, swough, swogh, from Middle English swoȝen, swowen, from Old English swōgan (“to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar”), from Proto-West Germanic *swōgan, from Proto-Germanic *swōganą from Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂gʰ-, same source as English echo (via Ancient Greek). Cognate with Scots souch (“sough”), Icelandic súgur (“a rushing sound, rustle”). Noun replaced Middle English swei, sweȝ from Old English swēg. More at swoon.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "*sough"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English *sough"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "swoȝen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English swoȝen"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "swōgan",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English swōgan (“to make a sound; move with noise; rush; roar”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*swōgan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *swōgan"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*swōganą"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *swōganą"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*sweh₂gʰ-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *sweh₂gʰ-"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "echo"
      },
      "expansion": "English echo"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "souch",
        "3": "",
        "4": "sough"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots souch (“sough”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "súgur",
        "3": "",
        "4": "a rushing sound, rustle"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic súgur (“a rushing sound, rustle”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*sough",
      "Reconstruction:Middle English/sough"
    ],
    [
      "swough",
      "swough#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "swogh",
      "swogh#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "swoȝen",
      "swoȝen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "swowen",
      "swowen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "swōgan",
      "swogan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*swōgan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/swōgan"
    ],
    [
      "*swōganą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swōganą"
    ],
    [
      "*sweh₂gʰ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sweh₂gʰ-"
    ],
    [
      "echo",
      "echo#English"
    ],
    [
      "souch",
      "souch#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "súgur",
      "súgur#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "swei",
      "swei#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sweȝ",
      "sweȝ#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "swēg",
      "sweg#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "swoon",
      "swoon#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
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      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To make a soft rustling or murmuring sound."
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        "A murmuring sound; rushing, rustling, or whistling sound.",
        "A gentle breeze; a waft; a breath.",
        "A (deep) sigh.",
        "A vague rumour."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "obsolete"
      ],
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}

Source etymology 2 · variant 1/2

Original entry ↗
noun

A small drain; an adit.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English sough (whence also Scots sheuch (“ditch”)), from Old English *sōh, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *sīk (“watercourse”); compare dialectal Dutch zoeg (“ditch”), and English sitch.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionsoughenm
  • Cognate mentionsheuchsco
  • Inherited-form mention*sōhang
  • Derivation mention*sīkgmw-pro · watercourse
  • Cognate mentionzoegnl
  • Cognate mentionsitchen
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "sough"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English sough"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "sheuch",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ditch"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots sheuch (“ditch”)"
    },
    {
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*sōh"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *sōh"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*sīk",
        "t": "watercourse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sīk (“watercourse”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "zoeg",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ditch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch zoeg (“ditch”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "sitch"
      },
      "expansion": "English sitch"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "sough",
      "sough#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sheuch",
      "sheuch#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "*sōh",
      "Reconstruction:Old English/soh"
    ],
    [
      "*sīk",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sīk"
    ],
    [
      "zoeg",
      "zoeg#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "sitch",
      "sitch#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Irish",
      "lang_code": "ga",
      "word": "seoch",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ],
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "English",
          "lang_code": "en",
          "word": "sheugh",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A small drain; an adit."
      ],
      "tags": [],
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Source etymology 2 · variant 2/2

Original entry ↗
verb

To drain.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English sough (whence also Scots sheuch (“ditch”)), from Old English *sōh, ultimately from Proto-West Germanic *sīk (“watercourse”); compare dialectal Dutch zoeg (“ditch”), and English sitch.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionsoughenm
  • Cognate mentionsheuchsco
  • Inherited-form mention*sōhang
  • Derivation mention*sīkgmw-pro · watercourse
  • Cognate mentionzoegnl
  • Cognate mentionsitchen
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "sough"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English sough"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "sheuch",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ditch"
      },
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    },
    {
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      },
      "expansion": "Old English *sōh"
    },
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      "args": {
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        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*sīk",
        "t": "watercourse"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *sīk (“watercourse”)"
    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "zoeg",
        "3": "",
        "4": "ditch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch zoeg (“ditch”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "sitch"
      },
      "expansion": "English sitch"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "sough",
      "sough#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "sheuch",
      "sheuch#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "*sōh",
      "Reconstruction:Old English/soh"
    ],
    [
      "*sīk",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/sīk"
    ],
    [
      "zoeg",
      "zoeg#Dutch"
    ],
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      "sitch",
      "sitch#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
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  "lexical": [
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      "pos": "verb",
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        "To drain."
      ],
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Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for sough →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-c291Z2g