Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryTo smuggle (illegal drugs).
Etymology tree substratebor.? Proto-Italic *musklos? Latin mūlus Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Proto-Italic *-ā Latin -a Latin mūla Anglo-Norman mulebor. ▲ Latin mūlusbor. Proto-West Germanic *mūl Old English mūl Middle English mule English mule Inherited from Middle English mule, from Anglo-Norman mule (“she-mule”) and Old English mūl, both ultimately from Latin mūlus, from Proto-Indo-European *mukslós. Compare Late Latin muscellus (“young he-mule”), Old East Slavic мъшкъ (mŭškŭ, “mule”), Ancient Greek (Phocian) μυχλός (mukhlós, “he-ass”), and German Maul Maultier, Maulesel (through Latin).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "wp",
"args": {},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "lang",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "a mule"
},
"expansion": "a mule"
},
{
"name": "senseno",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "offspring of male donkey and female horse"
},
"expansion": "etymology 1, noun sense 1"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:mule",
"id": "Q41692",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nsubstratebor.?\nProto-Italic *musklos?\nLatin mūlus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -a\nLatin mūla\nAnglo-Norman mulebor.\n▲\nLatin mūlusbor.\nProto-West Germanic *mūl\nOld English mūl\nMiddle English mule\nEnglish mule\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"mule\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"lang_name\" : \"substrate\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"qfa-sub\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*musklos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"mūlus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"feminine\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nominal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-a\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"mūla\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"mule\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh<unc>\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*musklos<ety:bor<qfa-sub:-<unc>>>\", \"id\" : \"mule\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"mūlus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*mūl\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"mūl\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"mule\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mule\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"Q41692\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mule\" id=\"English:_Q41692\">"
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "mule",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English mule"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "mule"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English mule"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "mule",
"4": "",
"5": "she-mule"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman mule (“she-mule”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "mūl"
},
"expansion": "Old English mūl"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "mūlus"
},
"expansion": "Latin mūlus"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*mukslós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mukslós"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la-lat",
"2": "muscellus",
"3": "",
"4": "young he-mule"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin muscellus (“young he-mule”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "мъшкъ",
"3": "",
"4": "mule"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic мъшкъ (mŭškŭ, “mule”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Maul"
},
"expansion": "German Maul"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:mule",
"id": "Q41692",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nsubstratebor.?\nProto-Italic *musklos?\nLatin mūlus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Italic *-ā\nLatin -a\nLatin mūla\nAnglo-Norman mulebor.\n▲\nLatin mūlusbor.\nProto-West Germanic *mūl\nOld English mūl\nMiddle English mule\nEnglish mule"
}
],
"links": [
[
"a",
"a#English"
],
[
"*musklos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/musklos"
],
[
"mūlus",
"mulus#Latin"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-ā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ā#Proto-Italic:_nominal"
],
[
"-a",
"-a#Latin:_feminine"
],
[
"mūla",
"mula#Latin:_mule"
],
[
"mule",
"mule#Old_French"
],
[
"mūlus",
"mulus#Latin"
],
[
"*mūl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/mūl"
],
[
"mūl",
"mul#Old_English"
],
[
"mule",
"mule#Middle_English"
],
[
"mule",
"mule#Middle_English"
],
[
"mule",
"mule#Old_French"
],
[
"mūl",
"mul#Old_English"
],
[
"mūlus",
"mulus#Latin"
],
[
"*mukslós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/mukslós"
],
[
"muscellus",
"muscellus#Latin"
],
[
"he-mule",
"he-mule"
],
[
"мъшкъ",
"мъшкъ#Old_East_Slavic"
],
[
"μυχλός",
"μυχλός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"he-ass",
"he-ass"
],
[
"Maul",
"Maul#German"
],
[
"Maultier",
"Maultier#German"
],
[
"Maulesel",
"Maulesel#German"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To smuggle (illegal drugs)."
],
"tags": [
"slang",
"transitive"
],
"recordId": "3d70e8c27578958ffa681d42d2200bbf5380ab2b11a5419365f4937fb3860dc5",
"rawRecordSha256": "c5d8a9212443daf30b2563944bb5753e214f324836e28396c667ef1e88cf8535",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 157063
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}