*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of mere

From Middle English mere, mer, from Anglo-Norman meer, from Old French mier, from Latin merus (“pure, unmixed, undiluted”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to sparkle, gleam”). Cognate with Old English āmerian, āmyrian

5 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 5 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
adj

Just, only; no more than, pure and simple, neither more nor better than might be expected. · Pure, unalloyed . · Nothing less than; complete, downright .

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English mere, mer, from Anglo-Norman meer, from Old French mier, from Latin merus (“pure, unmixed, undiluted”), from Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to sparkle, gleam”). Cognate with Old English āmerian, āmyrian (“to purify, examine, revise”). The Middle English word was perhaps influenced by or conflated with sound-alike Middle English mere (“glorious, noble, splendid, fine, pure”), from Old English mǣre (“famous, great, excellent, sublime, splendid, pure, sterling”), from Proto-West Germanic *mārī, from Proto-Germanic *mērijaz.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionmereenm
  • Derivation mentionmierfro
  • Derivation mentionmerusla · pure, unmixed, undiluted
  • Derivation mention*mer-ine-pro · to sparkle, gleam
  • Cognate mentionāmerianang
  • Derivation mentionmereenm · glorious, noble, splendid, fine, pure
  • Derivation mentionmǣreang · famous, great, excellent, sublime, splendid, pure, sterling
  • Derivation mention*mārīgmw-pro
  • Derivation mention*mērijazgem-pro
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<ety:bor<xno:meer<ety:inh<fro:mier>>>>",
        "id": "only"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"only\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mere\" id=\"English:_only\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "mere"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English mere"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "meer"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglo-Norman meer"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "mier"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French mier"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "merus",
        "t": "pure, unmixed, undiluted"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin merus (“pure, unmixed, undiluted”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mer-",
        "t": "to sparkle, gleam"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mer- (“to sparkle, gleam”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "āmerian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English āmerian"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "mere",
        "id": "famous",
        "t": "glorious, noble, splendid, fine, pure"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English mere (“glorious, noble, splendid, fine, pure”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "mǣre",
        "id": "famous",
        "t": "famous, great, excellent, sublime, splendid, pure, sterling"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English mǣre (“famous, great, excellent, sublime, splendid, pure, sterling”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*mārī",
        "id": "famous"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *mārī"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*mērijaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mērijaz"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<ety:bor<xno:meer<ety:inh<fro:mier>>>>",
        "id": "only"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "mer",
      "mer#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "meer",
      "meer#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "mier",
      "mier#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "merus",
      "merus#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*mer-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/mer-"
    ],
    [
      "āmerian",
      "amerian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "āmyrian",
      "amyrian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Middle_English:_famous"
    ],
    [
      "mǣre",
      "mære#Old_English:_famous"
    ],
    [
      "*mārī",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/mārī#Proto-West_Germanic:_famous"
    ],
    [
      "*mērijaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mērijaz"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Just, only; no more than, pure and simple, neither more nor better than might be expected.",
        "Pure, unalloyed .",
        "Nothing less than; complete, downright ."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "recordId": "a2a25aa0ca893cce59a133a34990891c7b73e1d21d7244ed39a49945627acd14",
      "rawRecordSha256": "430a5f5fbf6cd0c8e59a7e8cae77b0a5b034059ca9f3538733574174dd43bd75",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231460
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To limit; bound; divide or cause division in. · To set divisions and bounds. · To decide upon the position of a boundary; to position it on a map.

noun

Boundary, limit; a boundary-marker; boundary-line.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English mere, from Old English mǣre, ġemǣre (“boundary; limit”), from Proto-Germanic *mairiją (“boundary”), from Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fence”). Cognate with Dutch meer (“a limit, boundary”), Icelandic mærr (“borderland”), Swedish landamäre (“border, borderline, boundary”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionmereenm
  • Inherited-form mentionmǣreang
  • Inherited-form mention*mairijągem-pro · boundary
  • Derivation mention*mey-ine-pro · to fence
  • Cognate mentionmeernl
  • Cognate mentionmærris
  • Cognate mentionlandamäresv
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<id:boundary>",
        "id": "boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"bind\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*mey-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*mairiją\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*mairī\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"mǣre\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"boundary\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mere\" id=\"English:_boundary\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "mere",
        "id": "boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English mere"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "mǣre",
        "id": "boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English mǣre"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*mairiją",
        "t": "boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mairiją (“boundary”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*mey-",
        "id": "bind",
        "t": "to fence"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *mey- (“to fence”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "meer",
        "3": "",
        "4": "a limit, boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch meer (“a limit, boundary”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "mærr",
        "3": "",
        "4": "borderland"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic mærr (“borderland”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "landamäre",
        "3": "",
        "4": "border, borderline, boundary"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish landamäre (“border, borderline, boundary”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<id:boundary>",
        "id": "boundary"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Middle_English:_boundary"
    ],
    [
      "mǣre",
      "mære#Old_English:_boundary"
    ],
    [
      "ġemǣre",
      "gemære#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*mairiją",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mairiją"
    ],
    [
      "*mey-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/mey-#Proto-Indo-European:_bind"
    ],
    [
      "meer",
      "meer#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "mærr",
      "mærr#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "landamäre",
      "landamäre#Swedish"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To limit; bound; divide or cause division in.",
        "To set divisions and bounds.",
        "To decide upon the position of a boundary; to position it on a map."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "transitive",
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "b24dddfc7714f4a3357613f37942da6f303af7bc9d0bf5f0801863f970ae8551",
      "rawRecordSha256": "788e2414eebbc822b5ae923a6db9b23c9ab775281023d340e42f011e821aea96",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231462
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Boundary, limit; a boundary-marker; boundary-line."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "fd142419df70a51bede012d0a257312ef0bb6e7050b3918facc33eb6cc46e4ff",
      "rawRecordSha256": "6acb14be17fb928f405f5091dd0b87ca968c643fe60db2c9db466d21184b563a",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231461
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
noun

Synonym of sea, a large body of salt water. · Synonym of inlet, an arm of the sea. · A body of standing water, inclusive of lakes, ponds, and pools, especially any broad and shallow one. · Synonym of marsh.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English mere, from Old English mere (“lake, pool,” in compounds and poetry “sea”), from Proto-West Germanic *mari (“sea”), from Proto-Germanic *mari, from Proto-Indo-European *móri. Cognate with West Frisian mar (“lake”), Dutch meer (“lake”), Low German Meer, and German Meer (“sea”). Non-Germanic cognates include Latin mare, Breton mor, and Russian мо́ре (móre). Doublet of maar and mare (“a large, dark plain; a lake on Titan”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionmereenm
  • Inherited-form mentionmereang
  • Inherited-form mention*marigmw-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*marigem-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*móriine-pro
  • Cognate mentionmarfy · lake
  • Cognate mentionmeernl · lake
  • Cognate mentionMeernds
  • Cognate mentionMeerde · sea
  • Cognate mentionmarela
  • Cognate mentionmorbr
  • Cognate mentionмо́реru
  • Doublet mentionmaaren
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<id:lake>",
        "id": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*mari\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*mari\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"lake\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mere\" id=\"English:_lake\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "mere",
        "id": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English mere"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "mere",
        "id": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English mere"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*mari",
        "4": "",
        "5": "sea"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *mari (“sea”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*mari"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *mari"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*móri"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *móri"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "mar",
        "t": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian mar (“lake”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "meer",
        "t": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch meer (“lake”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "Meer"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German Meer"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Meer",
        "t": "sea"
      },
      "expansion": "German Meer (“sea”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "mare"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin mare"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "br",
        "2": "mor"
      },
      "expansion": "Breton mor"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "мо́ре"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian мо́ре (móre)"
    },
    {
      "name": "doublet",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "maar",
        "3": "mare<t:a large, dark plain; a lake on Titan>"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of maar and mare (“a large, dark plain; a lake on Titan”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:mere<id:lake>",
        "id": "lake"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Middle_English:_lake"
    ],
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Old_English:_lake"
    ],
    [
      "*mari",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/mari"
    ],
    [
      "*mari",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mari"
    ],
    [
      "*móri",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/móri"
    ],
    [
      "mar",
      "mar#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "meer",
      "meer#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Meer",
      "Meer#Low_German"
    ],
    [
      "Meer",
      "Meer#German"
    ],
    [
      "mare",
      "mare#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "mor",
      "mor#Breton"
    ],
    [
      "мо́ре",
      "море#Russian"
    ],
    [
      "maar",
      "maar#English"
    ],
    [
      "mare",
      "mare#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of sea, a large body of salt water.",
        "Synonym of inlet, an arm of the sea.",
        "A body of standing water, inclusive of lakes, ponds, and pools, especially any broad and shallow one.",
        "Synonym of marsh."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete",
        "UK",
        "dialectal",
        "literary"
      ],
      "recordId": "20db0e06bc6e2f1c7ba6dad3819d751bbcfbd6496773ba9d12830715c258e56c",
      "rawRecordSha256": "9671344946e7c774de3b3664d0a0ec0422da96829fc93d5de9ff2b061214abdf",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231463
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 4

Original entry ↗
noun

Alternative form of mayor and mair.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

See mayor.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "etymid",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "mayor"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "mayor",
      "mayor#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of mayor and mair."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "recordId": "0df14e11b79684740907e43f30e61a6082bae651b6ea4a5840218bbcc3ef17b2",
      "rawRecordSha256": "f40b775646c8d5c456a0c390a76d3cf68c9a67ebecf04e0e9b3380d40f98b680",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231464
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 5

Original entry ↗
noun

A Maori war-club.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Borrowed from Māori mere (“more”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Borrowed-form mentionmeremi
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":bor",
        "3": "mi:mere",
        "id": "club"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Māori\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"mi\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"mere\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"club\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"mere\" id=\"English:_club\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "bor",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "mi",
        "3": "mere",
        "4": "",
        "5": "more"
      },
      "expansion": "Māori mere (“more”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":bor",
        "3": "mi:mere",
        "id": "club"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "mere",
      "mere#Māori"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A Maori war-club."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "86c8428dc80c374858ce9560dc117e407a401690a9073a3c7b6e6234ef5b0d5f",
      "rawRecordSha256": "0795ba25146c6983546f75cf5fe09ab68a1dd097e317bd066514a9ebdb146881",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 231465
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for mere →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-bWVyZQ