*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of last

From Middle English laste, latst, syncopated variant of latest, both ultimately from Old English latost. Doublet of latest.

4 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 4 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
adj

Final, ultimate, coming after all others of its kind. · Most recent, latest, last so far. · Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely, or least preferable. · Being the only one remaining of its class.

adv

Most recently. · after everything else; finally

det

The (one) immediately before the present. · Closest in the past, or closest but one if the closest was very recent; of days, sometimes thought to specifically refer to the instance closest to seven days (one week) ago, or the most recent instance before seven days (one week) ago.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English laste, latst, syncopated variant of latest, both ultimately from Old English latost. Doublet of latest.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionlasteenm
  • Inherited-form mentionlatostang

This page abbreviates 2 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:laste<id:finally>",
        "id": "final"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*leh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*leh₁d-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lataz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lat\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"læt\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"most\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"most\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"very\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yōs\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōstaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōst\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ost\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"latost\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"laste\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"last\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"final\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"last\" id=\"English:_final\">"
    },
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "laste"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English laste"
    },
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        "2": "ang",
        "3": "latost"
      },
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    },
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "latest"
      },
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    },
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      "expansion": ""
    }
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      "laste",
      "laste#Middle_English"
    ],
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      "latst",
      "latst#Middle_English"
    ],
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      "latest",
      "latest#Middle_English"
    ],
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      "latost",
      "latost#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "latest",
      "latest#English"
    ]
  ],
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      "pos": "adj",
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        "Final, ultimate, coming after all others of its kind.",
        "Most recent, latest, last so far.",
        "Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely, or least preferable.",
        "Being the only one remaining of its class."
      ],
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        "not-comparable"
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      "glosses": [
        "Most recently.",
        "after everything else; finally"
      ],
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        "not-comparable",
        "sequence"
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        "The (one) immediately before the present.",
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Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To endure, continue over time. · To hold out, continue undefeated or entire. · To purposefully refrain from orgasm · To perform, carry out.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English lasten, from Old English lǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *laistijan, from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną. Cognate with German leisten (“yield”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
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    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:lasten<ety:inh<ang:lǣstan>>",
        "id": "endure"
      },
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    },
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      "name": "der",
      "args": {
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        "2": "enm",
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      },
      "expansion": "Middle English lasten"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣstan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English lǣstan"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
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      },
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    },
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      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*laistijaną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laistijaną"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "leisten",
        "3": "",
        "4": "yield"
      },
      "expansion": "German leisten (“yield”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:lasten<ety:inh<ang:lǣstan>>",
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      },
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    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "lasten",
      "lasten#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "lǣstan",
      "læstan#Old_English"
    ],
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      "*laistijan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/laistijan"
    ],
    [
      "*laistijaną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laistijaną"
    ],
    [
      "leisten",
      "leisten#German"
    ]
  ],
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      "pos": "verb",
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        "To endure, continue over time.",
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        "To purposefully refrain from orgasm",
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Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
noun

A tool in the form of a foot on which an item of footwear (such as a boot or shoe) is placed for shaping while it is being manufactured or repaired.

verb

To shape (an item of footwear such as a boot or shoe) during its manufacture or repair while it is placed on a last (noun etymology 3, noun sense 1).

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

The noun is derived from Middle English lest, leste (“shoemaker’s model shaped like a foot, last”), from Old English lǣste (“shoemaker‘s last”), from Proto-Germanic *laistiz, from *laisǭ (“track, trail”), from Proto-Indo-European *leys-eh₂-, from *leys- (“to trace; to track”). Doublet of learn and lore. The verb is derived from the noun. cognates * Dutch leest * German Leisten * Proto-Germanic *laistaz (“footprint”) * Swedish läst

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Root classification mention*leys-ine-pro
  • Inherited-form mentionlestenm
  • Inherited-form mentionlǣsteang · shoemaker‘s last
  • Inherited-form mention*laistizgem-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*leys-eh₂-ine-pro
  • Doublet mentionlearnen
  • Doublet mentionloreen
  • Cognate mentionleestnl
  • Cognate mentionLeistende
  • Cognate mention*laistazgem-pro · footprint
  • Cognate mentionlästsv
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:lest<ety:inh<ang:lǣste>>",
        "id": "shoemaking"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*leys-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*laistiz\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"lǣste\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"lest\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"last\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"shoemaking\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"last\" id=\"English:_shoemaking\">"
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      "name": "root",
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        "3": "*leys-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "lg",
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        "1": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "noun"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
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        "1": "en",
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      },
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    },
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      "name": "inh",
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "lǣste",
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    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
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        "1": "en",
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    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
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      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *leys-eh₂-"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "¹"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "3"
      },
      "expansion": "³"
    },
    {
      "name": "doublet",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "learn",
        "3": "lore"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of learn and lore"
    },
    {
      "name": "lg",
      "args": {
        "1": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "verb"
    },
    {
      "name": "sup",
      "args": {
        "1": "4"
      },
      "expansion": "⁴"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cognates"
      },
      "expansion": "cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "leest"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch leest"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Leisten"
      },
      "expansion": "German Leisten"
    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*laistaz",
        "t": "footprint"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laistaz (“footprint”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "läst"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish läst"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:lest<ety:inh<ang:lǣste>>",
        "id": "shoemaking"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "pair",
      "pair#Noun"
    ],
    [
      "wooden",
      "wooden"
    ],
    [
      "lest",
      "lest#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "leste",
      "leste#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "lǣste",
      "læste#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*laistiz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laistiz"
    ],
    [
      "*laisǭ",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laisǭ"
    ],
    [
      "*leys-eh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leys-eh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "*leys-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/leys-"
    ],
    [
      "learn",
      "learn#English"
    ],
    [
      "lore",
      "lore#English"
    ],
    [
      "leest",
      "leest#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Leisten",
      "Leisten#German"
    ],
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      "*laistaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laistaz"
    ],
    [
      "läst",
      "läst#Swedish"
    ]
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Source etymology 4

Original entry ↗
noun

A burden; load; a cargo; freight. · A measure of weight or quantity, varying in designation depending on the goods concerned. · An old English (and Dutch) measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, equal to two tons. · A load of some commodity with reference to its weight and commercial value.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English last, from Old English hlæst (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz (“burden, load, freight”), from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”). Cognate with West Frisian lêst, Dutch last, German Last, Swedish last, Icelandic lest.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "args": {
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        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:last<ety:inh<ang:hlæst>>",
        "id": "burden"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"put\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*kleh₂-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*hlaþaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*hlaþan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"action nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þiz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-þi\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*hlasti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"hlæst\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"last\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"last\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"burden\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"last\" id=\"English:_burden\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "last"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English last"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hlæst",
        "4": "",
        "5": "burden, load, freight"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hlæst (“burden, load, freight”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*hlastuz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "burden, load, freight"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *hlastuz (“burden, load, freight”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*kleh₂-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to put, lay out"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, lay out”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "lêst"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian lêst"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "last"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch last"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Last"
      },
      "expansion": "German Last"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "last"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish last"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "lest"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic lest"
    },
    {
      "name": "etymon",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:last<ety:inh<ang:hlæst>>",
        "id": "burden"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "last",
      "last#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "hlæst",
      "hlæst#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*hlastuz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlastuz"
    ],
    [
      "*kleh₂-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kleh₂-"
    ],
    [
      "lêst",
      "lêst#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "last",
      "last#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Last",
      "Last#German"
    ],
    [
      "last",
      "last#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "lest",
      "lest#Icelandic"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A burden; load; a cargo; freight.",
        "A measure of weight or quantity, varying in designation depending on the goods concerned.",
        "An old English (and Dutch) measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, equal to two tons.",
        "A load of some commodity with reference to its weight and commercial value."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "recordId": "4f4f73cca6a96b34edbf1eb6e6672401d49897b5f125d7964c31759400286a1d",
      "rawRecordSha256": "a3b3fb183273c43c8ba41da913ec6357359a7367cf78bff7673e78545b18138d",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 7861
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for last →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-bGFzdA