Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA deficiency or need (of something desirable or necessary); an absence, want, dearth. · A defect or failing; moral or spiritual degeneracy.
From Middle English lack, lakke, lak, from Old English *læc (“deficiency, lack, want”), from Proto-West Germanic *lak, from Proto-Germanic *laką, *lakaz (“slackness”), from Proto-Germanic *lakaz (“limp, slack, loose, low”), related to *lak(k)ōną (“to blame, reproach”), from Proto-Indo-European *lok-néh₂-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian Lak (“lack”), Middle Low German lack, lak (“lack”), Dutch lak (“lack, deficiency, calumny”), Icelandic lakur (“lacking”). Related also to Middle Dutch laken (“to blame, lack”). Eclipsed non-native Middle English carence (“absence, lack”), from Old French carence.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionlackenm
- Inherited-form mention*læcang · deficiency, lack, want
- Inherited-form mention*lakgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*lakągem-pro
- Derivation mention*lakazgem-pro · limp, slack, loose, low
- Derivation mention*lok-néh₂-ine-pro
- Cognate mentionLakstq · lack
- Cognate mentionlackgml
- Cognate mentionlaknl · lack, deficiency, calumny
- Cognate mentionlakuris
- Cognate mentionlakendum · to blame, lack
- Non-cognate comparisoncarenceenm · absence, lack
- Non-cognate comparisoncarencefro
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "lack"
},
"expansion": "Middle English lack"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*læc",
"t": "deficiency, lack, want"
},
"expansion": "Old English *læc (“deficiency, lack, want”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lak"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lak"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*laką"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *laką"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lakaz",
"t": "limp, slack, loose, low"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lakaz (“limp, slack, loose, low”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lok-néh₂-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lok-néh₂-"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Lak",
"t": "lack"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Lak (“lack”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "lack"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German lack"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "lak",
"t": "lack, deficiency, calumny"
},
"expansion": "Dutch lak (“lack, deficiency, calumny”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "lakur",
"3": "",
"4": "lacking"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic lakur (“lacking”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "laken",
"t": "to blame, lack"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch laken (“to blame, lack”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "carence",
"t": "absence, lack"
},
"expansion": "Middle English carence (“absence, lack”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "carence"
},
"expansion": "Old French carence"
}
],
"links": [
[
"lack",
"lack#Middle_English"
],
[
"lakke",
"lakke#Middle_English"
],
[
"lak",
"lak#Middle_English"
],
[
"*læc",
"Reconstruction:Old English/læc"
],
[
"*lak",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lak"
],
[
"*laką",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laką"
],
[
"*lakaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lakaz"
],
[
"*lakaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lakaz"
],
[
"*lak(k)ōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lak(k)ōną"
],
[
"*lok-néh₂-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lok-néh₂-"
],
[
"Lak",
"Lak#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"lack",
"lack#Middle_Low_German"
],
[
"lak",
"lak#Middle_Low_German"
],
[
"lak",
"lak#Dutch"
],
[
"lakur",
"lakur#Icelandic"
],
[
"laken",
"laken#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"carence",
"carence#Middle_English"
],
[
"carence",
"carence#Old_French"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A deficiency or need (of something desirable or necessary); an absence, want, dearth.",
"A defect or failing; moral or spiritual degeneracy."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable",
"obsolete"
],
"recordId": "42b5ca86a820d8761a1dec3465237c1977221c5726b7961f18ae9f678101c4fc",
"rawRecordSha256": "57945ad1b0ac06decc08856c97441d62fc46a4845da2752d4536f8ca847c155e",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 237795
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}