Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA deep caring for the existence of another. · A profound and caring affection towards someone. · Affectionate, benevolent concern or care for other people or beings, and for their well-being. · A feeling of intense attraction towards someone.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰéh₂ Proto-Germanic *lubō Proto-West Germanic *lubu Old English lufu Middle English love English love From Middle English love, luve, from Old English lufu, from Proto-West Germanic *lubu, from Proto-Germanic *lubō, from Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“love, care, desire”). The close of a letter sense is presumably a truncation of With love or the like. Eclipsed non-native English amour (“love”), borrowed from Norman amour (“love”). Cognates Cognate with Scots luve (“love”), Saterland Frisian ljo, ljoo, ljoof (“dear, sweet”), Ljoote, Ljoowe (“love”), West Frisian leaf (“friendly, kind, cordial”), leafde (“love”), Dutch lief (“lovely, nice, sweet”), liefde (“love”), German lieb (“dear; lovable”), Liebe (“love”), German Low German Leevde, Lieve (“love”), Luxembourgish léif (“lovely, kind, nice, sweet”), Léift (“love”), Vilamovian łiwa (“love”), Yiddish ליב (lib, “nice; kind”), Icelandic ljúfur (“beloved, dear”), Norwegian Nynorsk, Swedish ljuv (“lovely, sweet”), Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs, “beloved, dear”), Albanian lyp (“to beg”), Russian любовь (ljubovʹ, “love”), Lithuanian liaupsė (“praise”), Latin libido (“desire, lust”), Polish lubić (“to like”), Persian آلفتن (âloftan, “to enamor”), Sanskrit लोभ (lobha, “desire, greed”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*lewbʰ-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionloveenm
- Inherited-form mentionlufuang
- Inherited-form mention*lubugmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*lubōgem-pro
- Derivation mention*lewbʰ-ine-pro · love, care, desire
- Cognate mentionluvesco · love
- Cognate mentionljostq
- Cognate mentionleaffy · friendly, kind, cordial
- Cognate mentionliefnl · lovely, nice, sweet
- Cognate mentionliebde · dear; lovable
- Cognate mentionléiflb · lovely, kind, nice, sweet
- Cognate mentionłiwawym · love
- Cognate mentionליבyi · nice; kind
- Cognate mentionljúfuris · beloved, dear
- Cognate mentionljuvsv · lovely, sweet
- Cognate mention𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃got · beloved, dear
- Cognate mentionlypsq · to beg
- Cognate mentionлюбовьru · love
- Cognate mentionliaupsėlt · praise
- Cognate mentionlibidola · desire, lust
- Cognate mentionlubićpl · to like
- Cognate mentionآلفتنfa · to enamor
- Cognate mentionलोभsa · desire, greed
This page abbreviates 12 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"id": "love"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:love<id:affection>",
"id": "affection",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *lewbʰéh₂\nProto-Germanic *lubō\nProto-West Germanic *lubu\nOld English lufu\nMiddle English love\nEnglish love\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*lubu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"lufu\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"love\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"love\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"affection\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"love\" id=\"English:_affection\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "love"
},
"expansion": "Middle English love"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "lufu"
},
"expansion": "Old English lufu"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*lubu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *lubu"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*lubō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lubō"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*lewbʰ-",
"t": "love, care, desire"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *lewbʰ- (“love, care, desire”)"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "amour",
"t": "love"
},
"expansion": "English amour (“love”)"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "amour",
"t": "love"
},
"expansion": "Norman amour (“love”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "luve",
"t": "love"
},
"expansion": "Scots luve (“love”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ljo"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ljo"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "leaf",
"t": "friendly, kind, cordial"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian leaf (“friendly, kind, cordial”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "lief",
"t": "lovely, nice, sweet"
},
"expansion": "Dutch lief (“lovely, nice, sweet”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "lieb",
"t": "dear; lovable"
},
"expansion": "German lieb (“dear; lovable”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "Leevde"
},
"expansion": "German Low German Leevde"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "léif",
"t": "lovely, kind, nice, sweet"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish léif (“lovely, kind, nice, sweet”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "łiwa",
"t": "love"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian łiwa (“love”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ליב",
"t": "nice; kind"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish ליב (lib, “nice; kind”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "ljúfur",
"t": "beloved, dear"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic ljúfur (“beloved, dear”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ljuv",
"t": "lovely, sweet"
},
"expansion": "Swedish ljuv (“lovely, sweet”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃",
"t": "beloved, dear"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs, “beloved, dear”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "lyp",
"t": "to beg"
},
"expansion": "Albanian lyp (“to beg”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "любовь",
"t": "love"
},
"expansion": "Russian любовь (ljubovʹ, “love”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "liaupsė",
"t": "praise"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian liaupsė (“praise”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "libido",
"t": "desire, lust"
},
"expansion": "Latin libido (“desire, lust”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "lubić",
"t": "to like"
},
"expansion": "Polish lubić (“to like”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "آلفتن",
"tr": "âloftan",
"t": "to enamor"
},
"expansion": "Persian آلفتن (âloftan, “to enamor”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "लोभ",
"t": "desire, greed"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit लोभ (lobha, “desire, greed”)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:love<id:affection>",
"id": "affection",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *lewbʰ-\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *lewbʰéh₂\nProto-Germanic *lubō\nProto-West Germanic *lubu\nOld English lufu\nMiddle English love\nEnglish love"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*lewbʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewbʰ-#Proto-Indo-European:_love"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_o-grade"
],
[
"*lewbʰéh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewbʰéh₂"
],
[
"*lubō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lubō"
],
[
"*lubu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lubu"
],
[
"lufu",
"lufu#Old_English"
],
[
"love",
"love#Middle_English:_affection"
],
[
"love",
"love#Middle_English"
],
[
"luve",
"luve#Middle_English"
],
[
"lufu",
"lufu#Old_English"
],
[
"*lubu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/lubu"
],
[
"*lubō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lubō"
],
[
"*lewbʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/lewbʰ-"
],
[
"amour",
"amour#English"
],
[
"amour",
"amour#Norman"
],
[
"luve",
"luve#Scots"
],
[
"ljo",
"ljo#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"ljoo",
"ljoo#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"ljoof",
"ljoof#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"Ljoote",
"Ljoote#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"Ljoowe",
"Ljoowe#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"leaf",
"leaf#West_Frisian"
],
[
"leafde",
"leafde#West_Frisian"
],
[
"lief",
"lief#Dutch"
],
[
"liefde",
"liefde#Dutch"
],
[
"lieb",
"lieb#German"
],
[
"Liebe",
"Liebe#German"
],
[
"Leevde",
"Leevde#Low_German"
],
[
"Lieve",
"Lieve#Low_German"
],
[
"léif",
"léif#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"Léift",
"Léift#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"łiwa",
"łiwa#Vilamovian"
],
[
"ליב",
"ליב#Yiddish"
],
[
"ljúfur",
"ljúfur#Icelandic"
],
[
"ljuv",
"ljuv#Swedish"
],
[
"𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃",
"𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"lyp",
"lyp#Albanian"
],
[
"любовь",
"любовь#Russian"
],
[
"liaupsė",
"liaupsė#Lithuanian"
],
[
"libido",
"libido#Latin"
],
[
"lubić",
"lubić#Polish"
],
[
"آلفتن",
"آلفتن#Persian"
],
[
"लोभ",
"लोभ#Sanskrit"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A deep caring for the existence of another.",
"A profound and caring affection towards someone.",
"Affectionate, benevolent concern or care for other people or beings, and for their well-being.",
"A feeling of intense attraction towards someone."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"countable"
],
"recordId": "53b4d15e50548029fdf3a97859f910006bd5681f91f28fe12535da5745a85bbd",
"rawRecordSha256": "b98503d8a08ce715d6cfeb3bf11aa03e02a0293c71355da3a19a63edafb982a1",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 10008
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 12,
"glosses": 0
}
}