Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗adv
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryFrom one position or location to another, horizontally or approximately so, or along a route visualised as "across". · Across from one side of something to the other. · So as to pass above. · Up one side of something, across, and then down the other side.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *úp Proto-Indo-European *-er Proto-Indo-European *upér Proto-Germanic *uber Proto-West Germanic *obar Old English ofer Middle English over English over From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”). Cognates Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”). Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionoverenm
- Inherited-form mentionoferang
- Inherited-form mention*obargmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*ubergem-pro · over
- Inherited-form mention*upérine-pro · above; over
- Cognate mentionowersco · over
- Cognate mentionoeryol
- Cognate mentionuurstq · over
- Cognate mentionoerfy · over, across
- Cognate mentionübarcim · over
- Cognate mentionovernl · over
- Cognate mentionoberde
- Cognate mentioneuverli
- Cognate mentionövernds
- Cognate mentioniwwerlb · over
- Cognate mentionibermhn · over
- Cognate mentionאיבערyi · over
- Cognate mentionyvyrovd · over
- Cognate mentionyvirfo · over
- Cognate mentionyfiris · over
- Cognate mentionovernn
- Cognate mentionöversv · over
- Cognate mention𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂got · over
- Cognate mentionarga · on
- Cognate mentionergv · on
- Cognate mentionairgd · on, upon
- Cognate mentionsuperla · above, over
- Cognate mentionῠ̔πείρgrc
- Cognate mentionepërsq · above, high, overhead, up, upward
- Cognate mentionվերhy · up
- Cognate mention𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌ae · above, over
- Cognate mentionبرfa · on; onto; upon
- Cognate mentionउपरिsa · above, over
- Doublet mentionuberen
- Doublet mentionsuperen
- Doublet mentionhyperen
This page abbreviates 16 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:over",
"id": "above",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *úp\nProto-Indo-European *-er\nProto-Indo-European *upér\nProto-Germanic *uber\nProto-West Germanic *obar\nOld English ofer\nMiddle English over\nEnglish over\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*uber\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*obar\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ofer\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"over\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"over\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"above\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"over\" id=\"English:_above\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "over"
},
"expansion": "Middle English over"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ofer"
},
"expansion": "Old English ofer"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*obar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *obar"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*uber",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*upér",
"t": "above; over"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ower",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Scots ower (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yol",
"2": "oer"
},
"expansion": "Yola oer"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "uur",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian uur (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "oer",
"t": "over, across"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian oer (“over, across”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "übar",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian übar (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "over",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Dutch over (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ober"
},
"expansion": "German ober"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "euver"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish euver"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "över"
},
"expansion": "Low German över"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "iwwer",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "mhn",
"2": "iber",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Mòcheno iber (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "איבער",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da,nb",
"2": "over",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "yvyr",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian yvyr (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "yvir",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Faroese yvir (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "yfir",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic yfir (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "over"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk over"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "över",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Swedish över (“over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂",
"t": "over"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "br,kw",
"2": "war",
"t": "on, over"
},
"expansion": "Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "ar",
"t": "on"
},
"expansion": "Irish ar (“on”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "er",
"t": "on"
},
"expansion": "Manx er (“on”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "air",
"t": "on, upon"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "super",
"t": "above, over"
},
"expansion": "Latin super (“above, over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ῠ̔πείρ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "epër",
"t": "above, high, overhead, up, upward"
},
"expansion": "Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "վեր",
"t": "up"
},
"expansion": "Armenian վեր (ver, “up”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌",
"t": "above, over"
},
"expansion": "Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "بر",
"tr": "bar",
"t": "on; onto; upon"
},
"expansion": "Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "उपरि",
"t": "above, over"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”)"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "uber",
"3": "super",
"4": "hyper"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of uber, super, and hyper"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:over",
"id": "above",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *úp\nProto-Indo-European *-er\nProto-Indo-European *upér\nProto-Germanic *uber\nProto-West Germanic *obar\nOld English ofer\nMiddle English over\nEnglish over"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*úp",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úp"
],
[
"*-er",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-r"
],
[
"*upér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upér"
],
[
"*uber",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uber"
],
[
"*obar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/obar"
],
[
"ofer",
"ofer#Old_English"
],
[
"over",
"over#Middle_English"
],
[
"over",
"over#Middle_English"
],
[
"ofer",
"ofer#Old_English"
],
[
"ofor",
"ofor#Old_English"
],
[
"ouer",
"ouer#Old_English"
],
[
"*obar",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/obar"
],
[
"*uber",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uber"
],
[
"*upér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upér"
],
[
"ower",
"ower#Scots"
],
[
"oer",
"oer#Yola"
],
[
"ower",
"ower#Yola"
],
[
"owr",
"owr#Yola"
],
[
"uur",
"uur#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"oer",
"oer#West_Frisian"
],
[
"übar",
"übar#Cimbrian"
],
[
"over",
"over#Dutch"
],
[
"ober",
"ober#German"
],
[
"über",
"über#German"
],
[
"ueber",
"ueber#German"
],
[
"euver",
"euver#Limburgish"
],
[
"övver",
"övver#Limburgish"
],
[
"över",
"över#Low_German"
],
[
"üöver",
"üöver#Low_German"
],
[
"iwwer",
"iwwer#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"iber",
"iber#Mòcheno"
],
[
"איבער",
"איבער#Yiddish"
],
[
"Danish",
"over#Danish"
],
[
"over",
"over#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"yvyr",
"yvyr#Elfdalian"
],
[
"yvir",
"yvir#Faroese"
],
[
"yfir",
"yfir#Icelandic"
],
[
"over",
"over#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"yver",
"yver#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"yvi",
"yvi#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"över",
"över#Swedish"
],
[
"𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂",
"𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂#Gothic"
],
[
"Breton",
"war#Breton"
],
[
"war",
"war#Cornish"
],
[
"ar",
"ar#Irish"
],
[
"er",
"er#Manx"
],
[
"air",
"air#Scottish_Gaelic"
],
[
"super",
"super#Latin"
],
[
"ῠ̔πείρ",
"ὑπείρ#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"ὑπέρ",
"ὑπέρ#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"ῠ̔́περ",
"ὕπερ#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"epër",
"epër#Albanian"
],
[
"վեր",
"վեր#Armenian"
],
[
"𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌",
"𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌#Avestan"
],
[
"بر",
"بر#Persian"
],
[
"उपरि",
"उपरि#Sanskrit"
],
[
"uber",
"uber#English"
],
[
"super",
"super#English"
],
[
"hyper",
"hyper#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Chinese",
"lang_code": "zh",
"word": "over",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"word": "オーバー",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "ōbā"
},
{
"lang": "Tamil",
"lang_code": "ta",
"word": "ஓவர்",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "ōvar"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adv",
"glosses": [
"From one position or location to another, horizontally or approximately so, or along a route visualised as \"across\".",
"Across from one side of something to the other.",
"So as to pass above.",
"Up one side of something, across, and then down the other side."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"recordId": "4c35d08902c2ac2ad25cf78cf486826f549e9065e74aa005421dfa75f79541cc",
"rawRecordSha256": "b4b44f3df3f04f8ae9965bf1f675bd46a7433a71e441d1fb47ec101fffd27caa",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 180891
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
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"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 16,
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}