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English word origin

Etymology of ought

From Middle English oughte, aughte, aȝte, ahte, from Old English āhte, first and third person singular past tense of Old English āgan (“to own, possess”), equivalent to owe + -t. Cognate with Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvará, “cap

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In this entry · 1 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
verb

simple past of owe

adv

Alternative spelling of aught; at all, to any degree.

noun

A statement of what ought to be the case as contrasted with what is the case.

pron

Alternative spelling of aught; anything

verb

Indicating duty or obligation. · Indicating advisability or prudence. · Indicating desirability. · Indicating likelihood or probability.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English oughte, aughte, aȝte, ahte, from Old English āhte, first and third person singular past tense of Old English āgan (“to own, possess”), equivalent to owe + -t. Cognate with Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvará, “capable of, liable”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂eyḱ-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "oughte"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English oughte"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "āhte"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English āhte"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "āgan",
        "t": "to own, possess"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English āgan (“to own, possess”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "suffix",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "owe",
        "3": "t"
      },
      "expansion": "owe + -t"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sa",
        "2": "ईश्वर",
        "3": "",
        "4": "capable of, liable",
        "tr": "īśvará"
      },
      "expansion": "Sanskrit ईश्वर (īśvará, “capable of, liable”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "oughte",
      "oughte#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "aughte",
      "aughte#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "aȝte",
      "aȝte#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "ahte",
      "ahte#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "āhte",
      "ahte#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "āgan",
      "agan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "owe",
      "owe#English"
    ],
    [
      "-t",
      "-t#English"
    ],
    [
      "ईश्वर",
      "ईश्वर#Sanskrit"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "simple past of owe"
      ],
      "tags": [
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      ],
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 283059
    },
    {
      "pos": "adv",
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative spelling of aught; at all, to any degree."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "auxiliary",
        "dialectal",
        "formal",
        "not-comparable"
      ],
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 283062
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A statement of what ought to be the case as contrasted with what is the case."
      ],
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        "auxiliary",
        "dialectal",
        "formal"
      ],
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 283063
    },
    {
      "pos": "pron",
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative spelling of aught; anything"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "auxiliary",
        "dialectal",
        "formal"
      ],
      "recordId": "a178e3db70b6bc20bd6c2d96ee8a45451d1e4ee821560fe540e8d9db51ac1fa7",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 283061
    },
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "Indicating duty or obligation.",
        "Indicating advisability or prudence.",
        "Indicating desirability.",
        "Indicating likelihood or probability."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "auxiliary",
        "dialectal",
        "formal"
      ],
      "recordId": "a46fadb706aaa00fcdfe87ab7ff6026f934ffa4cec52c7f0bb55825e92cf3211",
      "rawRecordSha256": "f259c2fe0aac0fda9f25c42b73223fc9596c906a944f98f10167a770dc1eb539",
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  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for ought →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-b3VnaHQ