*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of offer

From Middle English offer, from Old English offrian (“offer or make a sacrifice”) rather than from Old French offre (“offer”), from offrir (“to offer”), from Latin offerō (“to present, bring before”). Compare North Frisi

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
noun

A proposal that has been made. · Something put forth, bid, proffered or tendered. · An invitation to enter into a binding contract communicated to another party which contains terms sufficiently definite to create an enforceable contract if the other party accepts the invitation.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English offer, from Old English offrian (“offer or make a sacrifice”) rather than from Old French offre (“offer”), from offrir (“to offer”), from Latin offerō (“to present, bring before”). Compare North Frisian offer (“sacrifice, donation, fee”), Dutch offer (“offering, sacrifice”), German Opfer (“victim, sacrifice”), Danish offer (“victim, sacrifice”), Icelandic offr (“offering”). See verb below.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English offer"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "offrian",
        "4": "",
        "5": "offer or make a sacrifice"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English offrian (“offer or make a sacrifice”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "offre",
        "4": "",
        "5": "offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French offre (“offer”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "offerō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to present, bring before"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin offerō (“to present, bring before”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "offer",
        "3": "",
        "4": "sacrifice, donation, fee"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian offer (“sacrifice, donation, fee”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "offer",
        "3": "",
        "4": "offering, sacrifice"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch offer (“offering, sacrifice”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Opfer",
        "3": "",
        "4": "victim, sacrifice"
      },
      "expansion": "German Opfer (“victim, sacrifice”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "offer",
        "3": "",
        "4": "victim, sacrifice"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish offer (“victim, sacrifice”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "offr",
        "3": "",
        "4": "offering"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic offr (“offering”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "offer",
      "offer#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "offrian",
      "offrian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "offre",
      "offre#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "offrir",
      "offrir#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "offerō",
      "offero#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "offer",
      "offer#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "offer",
      "offer#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Opfer",
      "Opfer#German"
    ],
    [
      "offer",
      "offer#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "offr",
      "offr#Icelandic"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Tokelauan",
      "lang_code": "tkl",
      "word": "ofo",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A proposal that has been made.",
        "Something put forth, bid, proffered or tendered.",
        "An invitation to enter into a binding contract communicated to another party which contains terms sufficiently definite to create an enforceable contract if the other party accepts the invitation."
      ],
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}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
verb

To propose or express one's willingness (to do something). · To present in words; to proffer; to make a proposal of; to suggest. · To place at someone’s disposal; to present (something) to be either accepted or turned down. · To present (something) for sale.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English offren, offrien. In the religious senses inherited from Old English offrian (“to offer, sacrifice, bring an oblation”); otherwise from Old French ofrir. Both ultimately from Latin offerō (“to present, bestow, bring before”, literally “to bring to”), from Latin ob + ferō (“bring, carry”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”), later reinforced by Old French offrir (“to offer”). Cognate with Old Frisian offria (“to offer”), Old Dutch offrōn (“to offer”), German opfern (“to offer”), Old Norse offra (“to offer”). More at ob-, bear.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

This page abbreviates 7 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "root",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-"
      },
      "expansion": ""
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "offren"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English offren"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "offrian",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to offer, sacrifice, bring an oblation"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English offrian (“to offer, sacrifice, bring an oblation”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "ofrir"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French ofrir"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "offerō",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to present, bestow, bring before",
        "lit": "to bring to"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin offerō (“to present, bestow, bring before”, literally “to bring to”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "ob"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ob"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*bʰer-",
        "4": "",
        "5": "to carry, bear"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "offrir",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French offrir (“to offer”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ofs",
        "2": "offria",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Frisian offria (“to offer”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "odt",
        "2": "offrōn",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Dutch offrōn (“to offer”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "opfern",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to offer"
      },
      "expansion": "German opfern (“to offer”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "offra",
        "3": "",
        "4": "to offer"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse offra (“to offer”)"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "offren",
      "offren#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "offrien",
      "offrien#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "offrian",
      "offrian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "ofrir",
      "ofrir#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "offerō",
      "offero#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "ob",
      "ob#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "ferō",
      "fero#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "*bʰer-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰer-"
    ],
    [
      "offrir",
      "offrir#Old_French"
    ],
    [
      "offria",
      "offria#Old_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "offrōn",
      "offron#Old_Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "opfern",
      "opfern#German"
    ],
    [
      "offra",
      "offra#Old_Norse"
    ],
    [
      "ob-",
      "ob-#English"
    ],
    [
      "bear",
      "bear#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To propose or express one's willingness (to do something).",
        "To present in words; to proffer; to make a proposal of; to suggest.",
        "To place at someone’s disposal; to present (something) to be either accepted or turned down.",
        "To present (something) for sale."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ],
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 158617
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  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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    "lexicalSenses": 7,
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  }
}

Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
noun

agent noun of off

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep Proto-Indo-European *-o Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó Proto-Germanic *ab Proto-West Germanic *ab Old English æf Old English of Middle English of English off Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-os? Proto-Indo-European *-o- Proto-Indo-European *-so- Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so- Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós Proto-Italic *-āsijos Proto-Italic *-āsios Latin -āriusnom. Latin -āriusbor. Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Old English -ere Middle English -ere ▲ Latin -ārius Old French -ierbor. Middle English -er English -er English offer From off + -er.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "off",
        "4": "-er<id:agent suffix>",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Germanic *ab\nProto-West Germanic *ab\nOld English æf\nOld English of\nMiddle English of\nEnglish off\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish offer\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"æf\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"of\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"of\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"off\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"nom.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Nominalization of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-āsijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂s(i)yós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"athematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-o-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āsios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"nominalization\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārijaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agentive\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":nom\", \"3\" : \"-ārius<id:adjective>\", \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"title\" : \"-ārius\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"offer\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"offer\">\nFrom off + -er."
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":af",
        "3": "off",
        "4": "-er<id:agent suffix>",
        "text": "+",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Germanic *ab\nProto-West Germanic *ab\nOld English æf\nOld English of\nMiddle English of\nEnglish off\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\nEnglish offer\nFrom off + -er."
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*h₂ep",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep"
    ],
    [
      "*-o",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-o"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epó",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó#Proto-Indo-European:_away"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ab#Proto-West_Germanic:_of"
    ],
    [
      "æf",
      "æf#Old_English:_of"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Old_English:_preposition"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "off",
      "off#English"
    ],
    [
      "*-eh₂",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
    ],
    [
      "*-os",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_athematic"
    ],
    [
      "*-yós",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
    ],
    [
      "*-āsios",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āsios#Proto-Italic:_adjective"
    ],
    [
      "-ārius",
      "-arius#Latin:_adjective"
    ],
    [
      "-ārius",
      "-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
    ],
    [
      "*-ārijaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz#Proto-Germanic:_noun"
    ],
    [
      "*-ārī",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ārī#Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_suffix"
    ],
    [
      "-ere",
      "-ere#Old_English:_agent_suffix"
    ],
    [
      "-ere",
      "-ere#Middle_English:_agent_suffix"
    ],
    [
      "-ārius",
      "-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
    ],
    [
      "-ier",
      "-ier#Old_French:_nouns"
    ],
    [
      "-er",
      "-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
    ],
    [
      "-er",
      "-er#English:_agent_suffix"
    ],
    [
      "off",
      "off#English"
    ],
    [
      "-er",
      "-er#English:_agent_suffix"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "agent noun of off"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "agent",
        "form-of"
      ],
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Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

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Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-b2ZmZXI