Etymology of off

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗

verb

To kill. · To switch off.

adv

In a direction away from the speaker or other reference point. · Into a state of non-operation or non-existence. · So as to remove or separate, or be removed or separated. · Specifying the number of some item in bills, parts lists, etc.

adj

Inoperative, disabled. · Cancelled; not happening. · Not fitted; not being worn. · Not correct; not properly formed; not logical, harmonious, etc.

noun

Beginning; starting point.

prep

Not positioned upon; away from a position upon. · Detached, separated, excluded or disconnected from; away from a position of attachment or connection to. · Outside the area or region of. · Temporarily not attending (a usual place), especially owing to illness or holiday.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ep Proto-Indo-European *-o Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó Proto-Germanic *ab Proto-West Germanic *ab Old English æf Old English of Middle English of English off From Middle English of, from Old English of, af, æf (“from, off, away”), from Proto-West Germanic *ab, from Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”). Doublet of of. Cognates Cognate with Scots aff (“away, off”), Saterland Frisian oawe, ou (“from”), West Frisian ôf (“away, off”), Dutch af (“from, off”), German ab (“from, off”), German Low German, Luxembourgish of (“off”), Yiddish אָפּ (op, “off”), Danish, Icelandic af (“from, off”), Faroese, Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk av (“off”), Swedish af, av (“off”), Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”); and with Latin ab (“of, from, by”), Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”), and others.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentionofenm
Inherited-form mentionofang
Inherited-form mention*abgmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*abgem-pro · from
Inherited-form mention*h₂epoine-pro · from, off, back
Doublet mentionofen
Cognate mentionaffsco · away, off
Cognate mentionoawestq
Cognate mentionôffy · away, off
Cognate mentionafnl · from, off
Cognate mentionabde · from, off
Cognate mentionoflb · off
Cognate mentionאָפּyi · off
Cognate mentionafis · from, off
Cognate mentionavnn · off
Cognate mentionafsv
Cognate mention𐌰𐍆got · of, from
Cognate mentionabla · of, from, by
Cognate mentionἀπόgrc · from

This page abbreviates 25 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:of",
        "tree": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Germanic *ab\nProto-West Germanic *ab\nOld English æf\nOld English of\nMiddle English of\nEnglish off\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ab\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"æf\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"of\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"of\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"off\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"off\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "of"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English of"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "of"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English of"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*ab"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ab"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*ab",
        "t": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂epo",
        "t": "from, off, back"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂epo (“from, off, back”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "doublet",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "of"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of of"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "aff",
        "t": "away, off"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots aff (“away, off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "oawe"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian oawe"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "ôf",
        "t": "away, off"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian ôf (“away, off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "af",
        "t": "from, off"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch af (“from, off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "ab",
        "t": "from, off"
      },
      "expansion": "German ab (“from, off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nds-de",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "German Low German"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "lb",
        "2": "of",
        "t": "off"
      },
      "expansion": "Luxembourgish of (“off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "yi",
        "2": "אָפּ",
        "t": "off"
      },
      "expansion": "Yiddish אָפּ (op, “off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "af",
        "t": "from, off"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic af (“from, off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "av",
        "t": "off"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk av (“off”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "af"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish af"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "got",
        "2": "𐌰𐍆",
        "t": "of, from"
      },
      "expansion": "Gothic 𐌰𐍆 (af, “of, from”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "ab",
        "t": "of, from, by"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin ab (“of, from, by”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "ἀπό",
        "t": "from"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “from”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:of",
        "tree": "+"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *h₂epó\nProto-Germanic *ab\nProto-West Germanic *ab\nOld English æf\nOld English of\nMiddle English of\nEnglish off"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*h₂ep",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep"
    ],
    [
      "*-o",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-o"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epó",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó#Proto-Indo-European:_away"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ab#Proto-West_Germanic:_of"
    ],
    [
      "æf",
      "æf#Old_English:_of"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Old_English:_preposition"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "af",
      "af#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "æf",
      "æf#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ab"
    ],
    [
      "*ab",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂epo",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epo"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#English"
    ],
    [
      "aff",
      "aff#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "oawe",
      "oawe#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ou",
      "ou#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ôf",
      "ôf#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "af",
      "af#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "ab",
      "ab#German"
    ],
    [
      "of",
      "of#Luxembourgish"
    ],
    [
      "אָפּ",
      "אָפּ#Yiddish"
    ],
    [
      "af",
      "af#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "av",
      "av#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "af",
      "af#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "av",
      "av#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "𐌰𐍆",
      "𐌰𐍆#Gothic"
    ],
    [
      "ab",
      "ab#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "ἀπό",
      "ἀπό#Ancient_Greek"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To kill.",
        "To switch off."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "slang",
        "transitive",
        "Nigeria",
        "Philippines",
        "Singapore"
      ],
      "recordId": "1bd3e404dee9e3ed78c85a6dc77494ca1a35d8f861d6699e0c01bd9a63deac10",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 191026
    },
    {
      "pos": "adv",
      "glosses": [
        "In a direction away from the speaker or other reference point.",
        "Into a state of non-operation or non-existence.",
        "So as to remove or separate, or be removed or separated.",
        "Specifying the number of some item in bills, parts lists, etc."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "recordId": "644e377b74a3becd0d5bfd350062032eff0606be222a984de7cd57edcf9fef0e",
      "rawRecordSha256": "15989ce61e572573e672c7d7c1fe19c26adfea25a89e5c5004ed7f75ba107ef9",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 191023
    },
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Inoperative, disabled.",
        "Cancelled; not happening.",
        "Not fitted; not being worn.",
        "Not correct; not properly formed; not logical, harmonious, etc."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "predicative"
      ],
      "recordId": "92b0c66e7fde975ac1d68655ff86fcd89b851c18a61a15e795ecb35306d4ed6a",
      "rawRecordSha256": "01c0679057ca046f42a01da440daa43548915e47039f0873a9bc5a876ff8e97f",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 191024
    },
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "Beginning; starting point."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable",
        "usually"
      ],
      "recordId": "96234ec106f56dbfbc839520494135fc2f2ab97e207f2164c42769c32ddde150",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 191027
    },
    {
      "pos": "prep",
      "glosses": [
        "Not positioned upon; away from a position upon.",
        "Detached, separated, excluded or disconnected from; away from a position of attachment or connection to.",
        "Outside the area or region of.",
        "Temporarily not attending (a usual place), especially owing to illness or holiday."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "fe36331ba3f3397c808903bcedf185a2cf6049b43076434625b523eed77a553a",
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 191025
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 25,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

The source etymologies

Unnumbered source etymology

Relationships mentioned by the source

Where this record stops

Source and snapshot