Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA place or institution for the confinement of persons held against their will in lawful custody or detention, especially (in US usage) a place where people are held for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. · Confinement in a jail. · The condition created by the requirement that a horse claimed in a claiming race not be run at another track for some period of time (usually 30 days). · In dodgeball and related games, the area where players who have been struck by the ball are confined.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁- Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Indo-European *-ós Proto-Indo-European *-ós Proto-Indo-European *ḱowh₁ós? Proto-Italic *kawos Latin cavus Proto-Indo-European *-éyos Proto-Italic *-ejos Proto-Italic *-eos Latin -eus Latin *caveus Latin cavea Proto-Indo-European *-lós Proto-Indo-European *-elós Proto-Italic *-elos Latin -ulus Latin -ola Late Latin caveola Anglo-Norman jaiolebor. Middle English gayole English jail Inherited from Middle English gayole, borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, from Late Latin caveola, from Latin cavea (“cage”) + -ola (diminutive ending). Doublet of caveola and related to cage. More at cajole. Fully displaced native Middle English quartern (“prison, jail, cell”), from Old English cweartern (“jail, prison”). Partially displaced native Middle English lok, from Old English loc (“enclosure, pen; jail, prison”), whence lock; and Middle English carcern, from Old English carcern, from Latin carcer (“prison, jail”). Compare these Old English words, all meaning “jail”: heaþor, heolstorloca (means also “jail cell”), clūstorloc, dung (also “dungeon”), hlinræced, nirwþ, nīedcleofa, hearmloca, and nearu.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:gayole",
"tree": "1",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *-ós\nProto-Indo-European *-ós\nProto-Indo-European *ḱowh₁ós?\nProto-Italic *kawos\nLatin cavus\nProto-Indo-European *-éyos\nProto-Italic *-ejos\nProto-Italic *-eos\nLatin -eus\nLatin *caveus\nLatin cavea\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Indo-European *-elós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ola\nLate Latin caveola\nAnglo-Norman jaiolebor.\nMiddle English gayole\nEnglish jail\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"cage\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*caveus\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"hollow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*kawos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*ḱowh₁ós\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"gloss\" : \"hollow\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to swell\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"o-grade\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"possessive\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cavus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"ng\" : \"similar to <i class=\\\"Latn mention\\\" lang=\\\"la\\\">alveus<\\/i> from <i class=\\\"Latn mention\\\" lang=\\\"la\\\">alvus<\\/i>\", \"id\" : \"relational adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ejos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éyos\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-eos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-eus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"cavea\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"alt\" : \"-ola\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"diminutive\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-elós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-lós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-elos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ulus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-olus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"diminutive ending\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Late Latin\", \"term\" : \"caveola\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-lat\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"jaiole\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"gayole\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"jail\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"jail\">\nInherited from Middle English gayole, borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, from Late Latin caveola, from Latin cavea (“cage”) + -ola (diminutive ending)."
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "caveola"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of caveola"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "quartern",
"3": "",
"4": "prison, jail, cell"
},
"expansion": "Middle English quartern (“prison, jail, cell”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "cweartern",
"3": "",
"4": "jail, prison"
},
"expansion": "Old English cweartern (“jail, prison”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "lok"
},
"expansion": "Middle English lok"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "loc",
"3": "",
"4": "enclosure, pen; jail, prison"
},
"expansion": "Old English loc (“enclosure, pen; jail, prison”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "carcern"
},
"expansion": "Middle English carcern"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "carcern"
},
"expansion": "Old English carcern"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "carcer<t:prison, jail>"
},
"expansion": "Latin carcer (“prison, jail”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old English"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:gayole",
"tree": "1",
"text": "++"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱewh₁-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Indo-European *-ós\nProto-Indo-European *-ós\nProto-Indo-European *ḱowh₁ós?\nProto-Italic *kawos\nLatin cavus\nProto-Indo-European *-éyos\nProto-Italic *-ejos\nProto-Italic *-eos\nLatin -eus\nLatin *caveus\nLatin cavea\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Indo-European *-elós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ola\nLate Latin caveola\nAnglo-Norman jaiolebor.\nMiddle English gayole\nEnglish jail\nInherited from Middle English gayole, borrowed from Anglo-Norman jaiole, from Late Latin caveola, from Latin cavea (“cage”) + -ola (diminutive ending)."
}
],
"links": [
[
"*ḱewh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱewh₁-"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_thematic"
],
[
"*-ós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós#Proto-Indo-European:_possessive"
],
[
"*-ós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ós#Proto-Indo-European:_o-grade"
],
[
"cavus",
"cavus#Latin"
],
[
"*-éyos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éyos"
],
[
"*-eos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-eos"
],
[
"-eus",
"-eus#Latin:_relational_adjective"
],
[
"cavea",
"cavea#Latin"
],
[
"*-lós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-lós#Proto-Indo-European:_agent_nouns"
],
[
"*-elos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-elos#Proto-Italic:_diminutive"
],
[
"-ulus",
"-ulus#Latin"
],
[
"-ola",
"-olus#Latin"
],
[
"caveola",
"caveola#Latin"
],
[
"jaiole",
"jaiole#Old_French"
],
[
"gayole",
"gayole#Middle_English"
],
[
"alveus",
"alveus#Latin"
],
[
"alvus",
"alvus#Latin"
],
[
"gayole",
"gayole#Middle_English"
],
[
"jaiole",
"jaiole#Old_French"
],
[
"caveola",
"caveola#Latin"
],
[
"cavea",
"cavea#Latin"
],
[
"-ola",
"-olus#Latin"
],
[
"caveola",
"caveola#English"
],
[
"cage",
"cage#English"
],
[
"cajole",
"cajole#English"
],
[
"quartern",
"quartern#Middle_English"
],
[
"cweartern",
"cweartern#Old_English"
],
[
"lok",
"lok#Middle_English"
],
[
"loc",
"loc#Old_English"
],
[
"lock",
"lock#Noun"
],
[
"carcern",
"carcern#Middle_English"
],
[
"carcern",
"carcern#Old_English"
],
[
"carcer",
"carcer#Latin"
],
[
"heaþor",
"heaþor#English"
],
[
"heolstorloca",
"heolstorloca#Old_English"
],
[
"clūstorloc",
"clustorloc#Old_English"
],
[
"dung",
"dung#Old_English"
],
[
"hlinræced",
"hlinræced#Old_English"
],
[
"nirwþ",
"nirwþ#Old_English"
],
[
"nīedcleofa",
"niedcleofa#Old_English"
],
[
"hearmloca",
"hearmloca#Old_English"
],
[
"nearu",
"nearu#Old_English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang_code": "inc-hnd",
"lang": "Hindustani",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"word": "जेल",
"roman": "jel"
},
{
"lang": "Urdu",
"lang_code": "ur",
"word": "جیل",
"roman": "jel"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "Punjabi",
"lang_code": "pa",
"word": "ਜੇਲ੍ਹ",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "jelh"
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "jêl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "jael",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A place or institution for the confinement of persons held against their will in lawful custody or detention, especially (in US usage) a place where people are held for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding.",
"Confinement in a jail.",
"The condition created by the requirement that a horse claimed in a claiming race not be run at another track for some period of time (usually 30 days).",
"In dodgeball and related games, the area where players who have been struck by the ball are confined."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"recordId": "78972c8663310e9825ed1b1103694a6e347ed0502e68e6436f1d841886197df4",
"rawRecordSha256": "cba8449ae766c6a9a7e84751e1561eb1c64fcfc0d661d1c6b1b5ea2906d490d4",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 216828
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 1,
"glosses": 0
}
}