Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventorythird-person singular simple present indicative of be · Used in phrases with existential there (also here and where) when the semantic subject is plural. · present indicative of be; am, are, is.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti Proto-Germanic *isti Proto-West Germanic *ist Old English is Middle English is English is From Middle English is, from Old English is, from Proto-West Germanic *ist, from Proto-Germanic *isti (a form of Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”). Cognate with West Frisian is (“is”), Dutch is (“is”), German ist (“is”), Yiddish איז (iz, “is”), Afrikaans is (“am, are, is”) Old Swedish är, er, Old Norse er, es. Further cognates include, among others, Latin est, Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí), Sanskrit अस्ति (asti), Persian است (ast), Russian есть (jestʹ), all with the same meaning.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionisenm
- Inherited-form mentionisang
- Inherited-form mention*istgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*istigem-pro
- Derivation mention*wesanągem-pro
- Inherited-form mention*h₁éstiine-pro
- Cognate mentionisfy
- Cognate mentionisnl
- Cognate mentionistde
- Cognate mentionאיזyi
- Cognate mentionisaf
- Cognate mentionärgmq-osw
- Cognate mentionernon
- Cognate mentionsumla
- Cognate mentionἐστίgrc
- Cognate mentionअस्तिsa
- Cognate mentionاستfa
- Cognate mentionестьru
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:is<id:be>",
"id": "be",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Germanic *isti\nProto-West Germanic *ist\nOld English is\nMiddle English is\nEnglish is\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*isti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ist\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"is\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"is\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"is\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"be\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"is\" id=\"English:_be\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "is"
},
"expansion": "Middle English is"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "is"
},
"expansion": "Old English is"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ist"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ist"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*isti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *isti"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wesaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wesaną (“to be”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ésti",
"4": "",
"5": "is"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti (“is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "is",
"3": "",
"4": "is"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian is (“is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "is",
"3": "",
"4": "is"
},
"expansion": "Dutch is (“is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ist",
"3": "",
"4": "is"
},
"expansion": "German ist (“is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "איז",
"3": "",
"4": "is"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish איז (iz, “is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "is",
"3": "",
"4": "am, are, is"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans is (“am, are, is”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "är"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish är"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "er"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "sum",
"3": "est"
},
"expansion": "Latin est"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἐστί"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἐστί (estí)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अस्ति"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अस्ति (asti)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "است",
"3": "",
"tr": "ast"
},
"expansion": "Persian است (ast)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "есть"
},
"expansion": "Russian есть (jestʹ)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:is<id:be>",
"id": "be",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁es-\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ésti\nProto-Germanic *isti\nProto-West Germanic *ist\nOld English is\nMiddle English is\nEnglish is"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*h₁es-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-#Proto-Indo-European:_be"
],
[
"*h₁ésti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti"
],
[
"*isti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/isti"
],
[
"*ist",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ist"
],
[
"is",
"is#Old_English:_be"
],
[
"is",
"is#Middle_English:_be"
],
[
"is",
"is#Middle_English"
],
[
"is",
"is#Old_English"
],
[
"*ist",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ist"
],
[
"*isti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/isti"
],
[
"*wesaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną"
],
[
"*h₁ésti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti"
],
[
"is",
"is#West_Frisian"
],
[
"is",
"is#Dutch"
],
[
"ist",
"ist#German"
],
[
"איז",
"איז#Yiddish"
],
[
"is",
"is#Afrikaans"
],
[
"är",
"är#Old_Swedish"
],
[
"er",
"er#Old_Swedish"
],
[
"er",
"er#Old_Norse"
],
[
"es",
"es#Old_Norse"
],
[
"est",
"sum#Latin"
],
[
"ἐστί",
"ἐστί#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"अस्ति",
"अस्ति#Sanskrit"
],
[
"است",
"است#Persian"
],
[
"есть",
"есть#Russian"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"third-person singular simple present indicative of be",
"Used in phrases with existential there (also here and where) when the semantic subject is plural.",
"present indicative of be; am, are, is."
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person",
"colloquial",
"dialectal"
],
"recordId": "88573044847621f1f216ea82d08fdb25f217cb75ccce8b3b0f747e703d640c9a",
"rawRecordSha256": "fe0ba085b0e2d2c9533485bd9acaea1637a3f2285e8c3d0078b63efce5d75b80",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 5693
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
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}
}