*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of harsh

From Middle English harsk, harisk(e), hask(e), herris. Century derived the term from Old Norse harskr (whence Danish harsk (“rancid”), dialectal Norwegian hersk, Swedish härsk, Swedish härsken); the Middle English Dictio

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In this entry · 1 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗
verb

To negatively criticize. · To put a damper on (a mood).

adj

Unpleasantly rough to the touch or other senses. · Severe or cruel.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English harsk, harisk(e), hask(e), herris. Century derived the term from Old Norse harskr (whence Danish harsk (“rancid”), dialectal Norwegian hersk, Swedish härsk, Swedish härsken); the Middle English Dictionary derives it from that and Middle Low German harsch (“rough”, literally “hairy”) (whence also German harsch), from haer (“hair”), from Old Saxon hār, from Proto-West Germanic *hār; the Oxford Dictionary of English derives it from Middle Low German alone.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "harsk",
        "4": "harsk, harisk(e), hask(e), herris"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English harsk, harisk(e), hask(e), herris"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
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        "3": "harskr"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse harskr"
    },
    {
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        "2": "harsk",
        "3": "",
        "4": "rancid"
      },
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    },
    {
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        "2": "hersk"
      },
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    },
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      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
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        "2": "härsk"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish härsk"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "härsken"
      },
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    },
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        "2": "gml",
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        "4": "",
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      },
      "expansion": "Middle Low German harsch (“rough”, literally “hairy”)"
    },
    {
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      },
      "expansion": "German harsch"
    },
    {
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "osx",
        "3": "hār"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Saxon hār"
    },
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        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*hār"
      },
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    }
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    ],
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      "härsken#Swedish"
    ],
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    ],
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      "harsch",
      "harsch#German"
    ],
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      "haer",
      "haer#Middle_Low_German"
    ],
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      "hār",
      "har#Old_Saxon"
    ],
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      "*hār",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hār"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
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      "pos": "verb",
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        "To negatively criticize.",
        "To put a damper on (a mood)."
      ],
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        "Unpleasantly rough to the touch or other senses.",
        "Severe or cruel."
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    "lexicalSenses": 0,
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  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for harsh →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-aGFyc2g