From Middle English frounen (“to frown as an expression of disapproval, displeasure, shame, fear, or jealousy”), from Old French froignier, froingnier, frognier (“to wrinkle the mouth or forehead, frown, scowl”), of uncertain and disputed origin. Perhaps from Medieval Latin fruncāre (“to wrinkle, crease, turn up one's nose, make a face, frown”) (compare Old High German fruncetura (“wrinkle”), via Latin), from Frankish *hrunkwittjā (“wrinkle”)/*hrunkwōn (“to wrinkle”), whence Old High German runza (“wrinkle”). See also French froncer (“to frown, scowl”).
Alternatively, perhaps from Gaulish *frognā (“nostril”), from Proto-Celtic *srognā (“nose”).
Still yet, perhaps of North Germanic origin, related to Swedish fryna (“to frown, frown with one's nose, make a wry face”), Norwegian frøyna (“to wrinkle up one's nose, make a wry face; snort”). Compare also dialectal English frine (“to frown, whine, complain”).
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "frounen",
"t": "to frown as an expression of disapproval, displeasure, shame, fear, or jealousy"
},
"expansion": "Middle English frounen (“to frown as an expression of disapproval, displeasure, shame, fear, or jealousy”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "froignier"
},
"expansion": "Old French froignier"
},
{
"name": "unc",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"title": "uncertain"
},
"expansion": "uncertain"
},
{
"name": "unk",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"title": "disputed"
},
"expansion": "disputed"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ML.",
"3": "fruncāre",
"t": "to wrinkle, crease, turn up one's nose, make a face, frown"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin fruncāre (“to wrinkle, crease, turn up one's nose, make a face, frown”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "fruncetura",
"t": "wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Old High German fruncetura (“wrinkle”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*hrunkwittjā",
"t": "wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *hrunkwittjā (“wrinkle”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "runza",
"t": "wrinkle"
},
"expansion": "Old High German runza (“wrinkle”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "froncer",
"t": "to frown, scowl"
},
"expansion": "French froncer (“to frown, scowl”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-gau",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*srognā",
"t": "nose"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *srognā (“nose”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmq",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "North Germanic"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "fryna",
"t": "to frown, frown with one's nose, make a wry face"
},
"expansion": "Swedish fryna (“to frown, frown with one's nose, make a wry face”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "frøyna",
"t": "to wrinkle up one's nose, make a wry face; snort"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian frøyna (“to wrinkle up one's nose, make a wry face; snort”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frine",
"t": "to frown, whine, complain"
},
"expansion": "English frine (“to frown, whine, complain”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"frounen",
"frounen#Middle_English"
],
[
"froignier",
"froignier#Old_French"
],
[
"froingnier",
"froingnier#Old_French"
],
[
"frognier",
"frognier#Old_French"
],
[
"fruncāre",
"fruncare#Latin"
],
[
"fruncetura",
"fruncetura#Old_High_German"
],
[
"*hrunkwittjā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hrunkwittjā"
],
[
"*hrunkwōn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/hrunkwōn"
],
[
"runza",
"runza#Old_High_German"
],
[
"froncer",
"froncer#French"
],
[
"*frognā",
"Reconstruction:Gaulish/frogna"
],
[
"*srognā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/srognā"
],
[
"fryna",
"fryna#Swedish"
],
[
"frøyna",
"frøyna#Norwegian"
],
[
"frine",
"frine#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To have a frown on one's face.",
"To manifest displeasure or disapprobation; to look with disfavour or threateningly.",
"To repress or repel by expressing displeasure or disapproval; to rebuke with a look.",
"To communicate by frowning."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"recordId": "b3f05e9054a375f3b6887028af398f9d3fdcae0d6f39c9f32fc3399d7d237f69",
"rawRecordSha256": "cf15b06e5d46af4cd8d395f5bc34766c3b20fe522a2708e2c333173be1c299e0",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 159506
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}