Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗To cover with frost. · To become covered with frost. · To coat (something, e.g. a cake) with icing to resemble frost. · To anger or annoy.
A cover of minute ice crystals on objects that are exposed to the air. Frost is formed by the same process as dew, except that the temperature of the frosted object is below freezing. · The cold weather that causes these ice crystals to form. · Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character. · The act of freezing; the congelation of water or other liquid.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *prews- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *prustós Proto-Germanic *frustaz Proto-West Germanic *frost Old English frost Middle English frost English frost From Middle English frost, from an unmetathesized variant of Old English forst (“frost”), from Proto-Germanic *frustaz (“frost”), from Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian Froast, Fröäst (“frost”), West Frisian froast (“frost”), Cimbrian bròst, vrost, vròst (“frost”), Dutch vorst (“frost”), German Frost (“frost”), Luxembourgish Frascht (“frost”), Vilamovian fröst (“frost”), Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian Bokmål, Norwegian Nynorsk, Swedish frost (“frost”), Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost, rime, snow”). Related to freeze.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionfrostenm
- Inherited-form mentionforstang
- Inherited-form mention*frustazgem-pro
- Derivation mention*prews-ine-pro · to freeze; frost
- Cognate mentionFroaststq
- Cognate mentionfroastfy
- Cognate mentionbròstcim
- Cognate mentionvorstnl
- Cognate mentionFrostde
- Cognate mentionFraschtlb
- Cognate mentionfröstwym
- Cognate mentionfrostsv
- Cognate mentionpruīnala
This page abbreviates 5 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
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{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:frost",
"tree": "+"
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *prews-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *prustós\nProto-Germanic *frustaz\nProto-West Germanic *frost\nOld English frost\nMiddle English frost\nEnglish frost\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*frustaz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*frost\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"forst\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"frost\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"frost\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"frost\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Middle English frost"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "forst",
"4": "",
"5": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Old English forst (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*frustaz",
"4": "",
"5": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *frustaz (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*prews-",
"t": "to freeze; frost"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *prews- (“to freeze; frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Froast"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Froast"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
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"2": "froast",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian froast (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "bròst"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian bròst"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vorst",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vorst (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Frost",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "German Frost (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "Frascht",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish Frascht (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "fröst",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian fröst (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Danish"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Faroese"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "frost",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "Swedish frost (“frost”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pruīna",
"3": "",
"4": "hoarfrost, frost, rime, snow"
},
"expansion": "Latin pruīna (“hoarfrost, frost, rime, snow”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:frost",
"tree": "+"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *prews-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *prustós\nProto-Germanic *frustaz\nProto-West Germanic *frost\nOld English frost\nMiddle English frost\nEnglish frost"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*prews-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/prews-"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós"
],
[
"*frustaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frustaz"
],
[
"*frost",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frost"
],
[
"frost",
"forst#Old_English"
],
[
"frost",
"frost#Middle_English"
],
[
"frost",
"frost#Middle_English"
],
[
"forst",
"forst#Old_English"
],
[
"*frustaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frustaz"
],
[
"*prews-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/prews-"
],
[
"Froast",
"Froast#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"Fröäst",
"Fröäst#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"froast",
"froast#West_Frisian"
],
[
"bròst",
"bròst#Cimbrian"
],
[
"vrost",
"vrost#Cimbrian"
],
[
"vròst",
"vròst#Cimbrian"
],
[
"vorst",
"vorst#Dutch"
],
[
"Frost",
"Frost#German"
],
[
"Frascht",
"Frascht#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"fröst",
"fröst#Vilamovian"
],
[
"frost",
"frost#Swedish"
],
[
"pruīna",
"pruina#Latin"
],
[
"freeze",
"freeze#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To cover with frost.",
"To become covered with frost.",
"To coat (something, e.g. a cake) with icing to resemble frost.",
"To anger or annoy."
],
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{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A cover of minute ice crystals on objects that are exposed to the air. Frost is formed by the same process as dew, except that the temperature of the frosted object is below freezing.",
"The cold weather that causes these ice crystals to form.",
"Coldness or insensibility; severity or rigidity of character.",
"The act of freezing; the congelation of water or other liquid."
],
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