Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗A business partnership; the name under which it trades. · A business enterprise, however organized. · A criminal gang, especially based around football hooliganism.
Etymology tree Latin firmoder. Italian firmarebf. Italian firmabor. English firm From Italian firma (“signature”), from firmare (“to sign”), from Latin firmāre (“to make firm, to confirm (by signature)”), from firmus (“firm, stable”). The contemporary sense developed in the 18th century simultaneously with German Firma (“business, name of business”). There are conflicting statements in the literature as to which of the two languages influenced which. Doublet of dharma and dhamma. Other cognates include Russian держать (deržatʹ, “to hold”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰer-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:firma<t:signature>",
"id": "business",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin firmoder.\nItalian firmarebf.\nItalian firmabor.\nEnglish firm\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"signature\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bf.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Back-formation from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to sign\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to make firm\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"firmo\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"firmare\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"back-formation\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Italian\", \"term\" : \"firma\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"it\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"firm\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"business\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"firm\" id=\"English:_business\">"
},
{
"name": "bor",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "firma",
"4": "",
"5": "signature"
},
"expansion": "Italian firma (“signature”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "firmāre",
"4": "",
"5": "to make firm, to confirm (by signature)"
},
"expansion": "Latin firmāre (“to make firm, to confirm (by signature)”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "de",
"3": "Firma",
"4": "",
"5": "business, name of business"
},
"expansion": "German Firma (“business, name of business”)"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dharma",
"3": "dhamma"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of dharma and dhamma"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "держать",
"3": "",
"4": "to hold"
},
"expansion": "Russian держать (deržatʹ, “to hold”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "it:firma<t:signature>",
"id": "business",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nLatin firmoder.\nItalian firmarebf.\nItalian firmabor.\nEnglish firm"
}
],
"links": [
[
"firmo",
"firmo#Latin:_to_make_firm"
],
[
"firmare",
"firmare#Italian:_to_sign"
],
[
"firma",
"firma#Italian"
],
[
"firma",
"firma#Italian"
],
[
"firmare",
"firmare#Italian"
],
[
"firmāre",
"firmare#Latin"
],
[
"firmus",
"firmus#Latin"
],
[
"Firma",
"Firma#German"
],
[
"dharma",
"dharma#English"
],
[
"dhamma",
"dhamma#English"
],
[
"держать",
"держать#Russian"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A business partnership; the name under which it trades.",
"A business enterprise, however organized.",
"A criminal gang, especially based around football hooliganism."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang"
],
"recordId": "70a9ce94106ea32eb979178647c2a9333880703e539ef4a388a4d48303c8eb5a",
"rawRecordSha256": "4e0188870d0dd59c0c768970964fc715d6a70a8e996dd70a0e009b9785d49381",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 222998
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}