Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty. · Obscene, vulgar or abusive. · Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome. · Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust.
Inherited from Middle English ffoul, foul, foull, fowel, fowle, fuyle, voul, vul, from Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”). Cognates Cognate with Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”), Cimbrian baul, vaul (“putrid, rotten”), Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”), German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”), Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”), Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”), Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”), and Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”), and through Indo-European, with Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”), Greek πύο (pýo), πύον (pýon, “pus”), Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”), Latvian pūt (“to rot”), Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”), Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”), Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”). More at putrid. Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”) is a false cognate inasmuch as it is not from the same etymon, instead being cognate to few.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*puH-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionffoulenm
- Inherited-form mentionfūlang · foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty
- Inherited-form mention*fūlgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*fūlazgem-pro · foul, rotten
- Derivation mention*puH-ine-pro · foul, rotten
- Cognate mentionfuulgmw-cfr · putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy
- Cognate mentionbaulcim
- Cognate mentionvuilnl · dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal
- Cognate mentionfaulde · foul, putrid, rotten; lazy
- Cognate mentionפֿױלyi · putrid; lazy
- Cognate mentionfulda · nasty, ugly
- Cognate mentionfúllis · foul, rotten, sullen
- Cognate mentionfulsv · ugly; bad, dirty
- Cognate mention𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃got · fetid, foul, putrid
- Cognate mentionputerla · decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling
- Cognate mentionπύοel
- Cognate mentionfëlliqsq · to make dirty, sully
- Cognate mentionpūtlv · to rot
- Cognate mentionpūtilt · to rot
- Cognate mentionփուտhy · rottenness
- Cognate mentionپودهfa · rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow
- Cognate mentionपूयतिsa · to become foul; to stink
- Non-cognate comparisonφαῦλοςgrc
This page abbreviates 6 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English ffoul"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English ffoul"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl",
"t": "foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūl"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlaz",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "fuul",
"t": "putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "baul"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian baul"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vuil",
"t": "dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "faul",
"t": "foul, putrid, rotten; lazy"
},
"expansion": "German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פֿױל",
"t": "putrid; lazy"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ful",
"t": "nasty, ugly"
},
"expansion": "Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "fúll",
"t": "foul, rotten, sullen"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb,nn",
"2": "ful",
"t": "clever, sly"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ful",
"t": "ugly; bad, dirty"
},
"expansion": "Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃",
"t": "fetid, foul, putrid"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "puter",
"t": "decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling"
},
"expansion": "Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πύο"
},
"expansion": "Greek πύο (pýo)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "fëlliq",
"t": "to make dirty, sully"
},
"expansion": "Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pūt",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Latvian pūt (“to rot”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pūti",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "փուտ",
"t": "rottenness"
},
"expansion": "Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "پوده",
"tr": "pude",
"t": "rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow"
},
"expansion": "Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पूयति",
"t": "to become foul; to stink"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”)"
},
{
"name": "ncog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φαῦλος",
"3": "",
"4": "bad"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"ffoul",
"ffoul#Middle_English"
],
[
"foul",
"foul#Middle_English"
],
[
"foull",
"foull#Middle_English"
],
[
"fowel",
"fowel#Middle_English"
],
[
"fowle",
"fowle#Middle_English"
],
[
"fuyle",
"fuyle#Middle_English"
],
[
"voul",
"voul#Middle_English"
],
[
"vul",
"vul#Middle_English"
],
[
"fūl",
"ful#Old_English"
],
[
"*fūl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/fūl"
],
[
"*fūlaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fūlaz"
],
[
"*puH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/puH-"
],
[
"fuul",
"fuul#Central_Franconian"
],
[
"baul",
"baul#Cimbrian"
],
[
"vaul",
"vaul#Cimbrian"
],
[
"vuil",
"vuil#Dutch"
],
[
"faul",
"faul#German"
],
[
"פֿױל",
"פֿױל#Yiddish"
],
[
"ful",
"ful#Danish"
],
[
"fúll",
"fúll#Icelandic"
],
[
"Norwegian Bokmål",
"ful#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"ful",
"ful#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"ful",
"ful#Swedish"
],
[
"𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃",
"𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"puter",
"puter#Latin"
],
[
"πύο",
"πύο#Greek"
],
[
"πύον",
"πύον#Greek"
],
[
"fëlliq",
"fëlliq#Albanian"
],
[
"pūt",
"pūt#Latvian"
],
[
"pūti",
"pūti#Lithuanian"
],
[
"փուտ",
"փուտ#Armenian"
],
[
"پوده",
"پوده#Persian"
],
[
"पूयति",
"पूयति#Sanskrit"
],
[
"putrid",
"putrid#English"
],
[
"φαῦλος",
"φαῦλος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"false cognate",
"false cognate"
],
[
"etymon",
"etymon"
],
[
"few",
"few#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty.",
"Obscene, vulgar or abusive.",
"Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome.",
"Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust."
],
"tags": [],
"recordId": "d00576d1f644d04d82302f239a28ede81f461e620e7fa74d16f611db7bbbce71",
"rawRecordSha256": "5cf90d635762544ff51d81d2bf639faea423beba5ad9d1d6c12e7f522b41809a",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 236670
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 6,
"glosses": 0
}
}