Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Intending to harm; malevolent. · Morally corrupt. · Unpleasant, foul (of odor, taste, mood, weather, etc.). · Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous.
Moral badness; wickedness; malevolence; the forces or behaviors that are the opposite or enemy of good. · Something which impairs the happiness of a being or deprives a being of any good; something which causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings; harm; injury; mischief. · A malady or disease; especially in combination, as in king's evil, colt evil.
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *ubilaz Proto-West Germanic *ubil Old English yfel Middle English yvel English evil From Middle English yvel, evel, ivel, uvel, from Old English yfel, from Proto-West Germanic *ubil, from Proto-Germanic *ubilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂up(h₁)élos, a deverbal derivative of *h₂wep(h₁)-, *h₂wop(h₁)- (“treat badly”). See -le for the supposed suffix. Alternatively from *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo, *h₃ewp- (“down, up, over”). Cognates Cognate with Dutch euvel (“evil”), German übel (“bad, evil”), German Low German övel (“evil”), Luxembourgish iwwel (“queasy, nauseous; bad”), Gothic 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils, “bad, evil”). Compare Old Irish fel (“bad, evil”), from Proto-Celtic *uɸelos, and Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to mistreat, harass”), 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸 (huwappa-, “evil, badness”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionyvelenm
- Inherited-form mentionyfelang
- Inherited-form mention*ubilgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*ubilazgem-pro
- Derivation mention*upoine-pro
- Cognate mentioneuvelnl · evil
- Cognate mentionübelde · bad, evil
- Cognate mentioniwwellb · queasy, nauseous; bad
- Cognate mention𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃got · bad, evil
- Cognate mentionfelsga
- Cognate mention*uɸeloscel-pro
- Cognate mention𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣hit · to mistreat, harass
This page abbreviates 2 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:yvel",
"id": "wickedness",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *ubilaz\nProto-West Germanic *ubil\nOld English yfel\nMiddle English yvel\nEnglish evil\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ubil\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"yfel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"yvel\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"evil\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"wickedness\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"evil\" id=\"English:_wickedness\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "yvel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English yvel"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "yfel"
},
"expansion": "Old English yfel"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ubil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ubil"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ubilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ubilaz"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₂up(h₁)élos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂up(h₁)élos"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*upo"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *upo"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "euvel",
"t": "evil"
},
"expansion": "Dutch euvel (“evil”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "übel",
"t": "bad, evil"
},
"expansion": "German übel (“bad, evil”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "övel",
"t": "evil"
},
"expansion": "German Low German övel (“evil”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "iwwel",
"t": "queasy, nauseous; bad"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish iwwel (“queasy, nauseous; bad”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃",
"t": "bad, evil"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils, “bad, evil”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "fel",
"3": "",
"4": "bad, evil"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish fel (“bad, evil”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*uɸelos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *uɸelos"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣",
"tr": "huwapp-ⁱ",
"t": "to mistreat, harass"
},
"expansion": "Hittite 𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣 (huwapp-ⁱ, “to mistreat, harass”)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:yvel",
"id": "wickedness",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *ubilaz\nProto-West Germanic *ubil\nOld English yfel\nMiddle English yvel\nEnglish evil"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*ubilaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz"
],
[
"*ubil",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ubil"
],
[
"yfel",
"yfel#Old_English"
],
[
"yvel",
"yvel#Middle_English"
],
[
"yvel",
"yvel#Middle_English"
],
[
"evel",
"evel#Middle_English"
],
[
"ivel",
"ivel#Middle_English"
],
[
"uvel",
"uvel#Middle_English"
],
[
"yfel",
"yfel#Old_English"
],
[
"*ubil",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ubil"
],
[
"*ubilaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubilaz"
],
[
"*h₂wep(h₁)-, *h₂wop(h₁)-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂wep-"
],
[
"-le",
"-le#English:_adjectival"
],
[
"*upo",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upo"
],
[
"*h₃ewp-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ewp-"
],
[
"euvel",
"euvel#Dutch"
],
[
"übel",
"übel#German"
],
[
"övel",
"övel#Low_German"
],
[
"iwwel",
"iwwel#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃",
"𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"fel",
"fel#Old_Irish"
],
[
"*uɸelos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/uɸelos"
],
[
"𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣",
"𒄷𒉿𒀊𒍣#Hittite"
],
[
"𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸",
"𒄷𒉿𒀊𒉺𒀸#Hittite"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Intending to harm; malevolent.",
"Morally corrupt.",
"Unpleasant, foul (of odor, taste, mood, weather, etc.).",
"Producing or threatening sorrow, distress, injury, or calamity; unpropitious; calamitous."
],
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{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Moral badness; wickedness; malevolence; the forces or behaviors that are the opposite or enemy of good.",
"Something which impairs the happiness of a being or deprives a being of any good; something which causes suffering of any kind to sentient beings; harm; injury; mischief.",
"A malady or disease; especially in combination, as in king's evil, colt evil."
],
"tags": [
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"obsolete"
],
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"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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}