English word origin

Etymology of east

2 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗

In this entry · 2 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2

Original entry ↗

adv

Towards the east; eastwards.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ews- Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwss? Proto-Indo-European *-teros Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros Proto-Germanic *austraz ▲ Proto-Germanic *austrąder. Proto-Germanic *austrą Proto-West Germanic *austr Old English ēast Middle English est English east From Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Proto-West Germanic *austr, from Proto-Germanic *austrą, from Proto-Germanic *austraz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“east”). Cognates Cognate with Scots aist (“east”), North Frisian uast, ååst, ööst (“east”), Saterland Frisian Aaste (“east”), West Frisian east (“east”), Dutch oost (“east”), German Ost (“east”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål øst (“east”), Faroese eystur (“east”), Icelandic austur (“east”), Norwegian Nynorsk aust, øst (“east”), Swedish ost, öst, öster (“east”); also with Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”), Latin auster (“south”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentionestenm
Inherited-form mentionēastang
Inherited-form mention*austrgmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*austrągem-pro
Inherited-form mention*austrazgem-pro
Derivation mention*h₂éwsterosine-pro · east
Cognate mentionaistsco · east
Cognate mentionuastfrr
Cognate mentionAastestq · east
Cognate mentioneastfy · east
Cognate mentionoostnl · east
Cognate mentionOstde · east
Cognate mentioneysturfo · east
Cognate mentionausturis · east
Cognate mentionaustnn
Cognate mentionostsv
Cognate mention𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀ae · eastern
Cognate mentionausterla · south

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:est",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ews-\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwss?\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros\nProto-Germanic *austraz\n▲\nProto-Germanic *austrąder.\nProto-Germanic *austrą\nProto-West Germanic *austr\nOld English ēast\nMiddle English est\nEnglish east\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austraz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : [ \"gem-pro\", \":der\", \"*austrą\" ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austrą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austrą\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austr\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ēast\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"est\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"east\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"east\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "est"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English est"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "ēast"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ēast"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*austr"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *austr"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*austrą"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *austrą"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*austraz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *austraz"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂éwsteros",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "aist",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots aist (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "uast"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian uast"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "Aaste",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian Aaste (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "east",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian east (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "oost",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch oost (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Ost",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "German Ost (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da,nb",
        "2": "øst",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish and Norwegian Bokmål øst (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo",
        "2": "eystur",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese eystur (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "austur",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic austur (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "aust"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk aust"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "ost"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish ost"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀",
        "t": "eastern"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "auster",
        "t": "south"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin auster (“south”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:est",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ews-\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwss?\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros\nProto-Germanic *austraz\n▲\nProto-Germanic *austrąder.\nProto-Germanic *austrą\nProto-West Germanic *austr\nOld English ēast\nMiddle English est\nEnglish east"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*h₂ews-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-#Proto-Indo-European:_dawn"
    ],
    [
      "*-s",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s#Proto-Indo-European:_hysterokinetic"
    ],
    [
      "*-teros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂éwsteros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsteros"
    ],
    [
      "*austraz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austraz"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austr",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/austr"
    ],
    [
      "ēast",
      "east#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "est",
      "est#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "est",
      "est#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "ēast",
      "east#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*austr",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/austr"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austraz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austraz"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂éwsteros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsteros"
    ],
    [
      "aist",
      "aist#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "uast",
      "uast#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ååst",
      "ååst#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ööst",
      "ööst#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Aaste",
      "Aaste#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "east",
      "east#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "oost",
      "oost#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Ost",
      "Ost#German"
    ],
    [
      "Danish",
      "øst#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "øst",
      "øst#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "eystur",
      "eystur#Faroese"
    ],
    [
      "austur",
      "austur#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "aust",
      "aust#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "øst",
      "øst#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "ost",
      "ost#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "öst",
      "öst#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "öster",
      "öster#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀",
      "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀#Avestan"
    ],
    [
      "auster",
      "auster#Latin"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "Cornish",
      "lang_code": "kw",
      "word": "est",
      "raw_tags": [
        "borrowed"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "adv",
      "glosses": [
        "Towards the east; eastwards."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "b4bc7cd3e319a088eb22eac00bc06eac70263ab2ea13a0980c87b723cb8fea40",
      "rawRecordSha256": "cb4b9253689a710661fe0a3511dbdf127509431dfee33b07c568cb507256271f",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 17611
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Unnumbered source etymology · variant 2/2

Original entry ↗

noun

The direction of the earth's rotation, specifically 90°. · The eastern region or area; the inhabitants thereof. · In a church: the direction of the altar and chancel; the direction faced by the priest when celebrating ad orientem.

adj

Situated or lying in or towards the east; eastward. · Blowing (as wind) from the east. · Of or pertaining to the east; eastern. · From the East; oriental.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inherited-form mentionestenm
Inherited-form mentionēastang
Inherited-form mention*austrgmw-pro
Inherited-form mention*austrągem-pro
Inherited-form mention*austrazgem-pro
Derivation mention*h₂éwsterosine-pro · east
Cognate mentionaistsco · east
Cognate mentionuastfrr
Cognate mentionAastestq · east
Cognate mentioneastfy · east
Cognate mentionoostnl · east
Cognate mentionOstde · east
Cognate mentioneysturfo · east
Cognate mentionausturis · east
Cognate mentionaustnn
Cognate mentionostsv
Cognate mention𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀ae · eastern
Cognate mentionausterla · south

This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:est",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ews-\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwss?\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros\nProto-Germanic *austraz\n▲\nProto-Germanic *austrąder.\nProto-Germanic *austrą\nProto-West Germanic *austr\nOld English ēast\nMiddle English est\nEnglish east\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austraz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : [ \"gem-pro\", \":der\", \"*austrą\" ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austrą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austrą\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*austr\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ēast\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"est\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"east\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"east\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "est"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English est"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "ēast"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ēast"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*austr"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *austr"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*austrą"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *austrą"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*austraz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *austraz"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*h₂éwsteros",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "col-top",
      "args": {
        "1": "2",
        "2": "cog"
      },
      "expansion": "Cognates"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "aist",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots aist (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "frr",
        "2": "uast"
      },
      "expansion": "North Frisian uast"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "Aaste",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian Aaste (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "east",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian east (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "oost",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch oost (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "Ost",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "German Ost (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da,nb",
        "2": "øst",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish and Norwegian Bokmål øst (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "fo",
        "2": "eystur",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Faroese eystur (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "austur",
        "t": "east"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic austur (“east”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "aust"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk aust"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "ost"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish ost"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "ae",
        "2": "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀",
        "t": "eastern"
      },
      "expansion": "Avestan 𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀 (ušastara, “eastern”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "auster",
        "t": "south"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin auster (“south”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:est",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ews-\nProto-Indo-European *-s\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwss?\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éwsteros\nProto-Germanic *austraz\n▲\nProto-Germanic *austrąder.\nProto-Germanic *austrą\nProto-West Germanic *austr\nOld English ēast\nMiddle English est\nEnglish east"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*h₂ews-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ews-#Proto-Indo-European:_dawn"
    ],
    [
      "*-s",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-s#Proto-Indo-European:_hysterokinetic"
    ],
    [
      "*-teros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂éwsteros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsteros"
    ],
    [
      "*austraz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austraz"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austr",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/austr"
    ],
    [
      "ēast",
      "east#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "est",
      "est#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "est",
      "est#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "ēast",
      "east#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*austr",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/austr"
    ],
    [
      "*austrą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austrą"
    ],
    [
      "*austraz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/austraz"
    ],
    [
      "*h₂éwsteros",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éwsteros"
    ],
    [
      "aist",
      "aist#Scots"
    ],
    [
      "uast",
      "uast#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ååst",
      "ååst#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "ööst",
      "ööst#North_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "Aaste",
      "Aaste#Saterland_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "east",
      "east#West_Frisian"
    ],
    [
      "oost",
      "oost#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "Ost",
      "Ost#German"
    ],
    [
      "Danish",
      "øst#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "øst",
      "øst#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "eystur",
      "eystur#Faroese"
    ],
    [
      "austur",
      "austur#Icelandic"
    ],
    [
      "aust",
      "aust#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "øst",
      "øst#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "ost",
      "ost#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "öst",
      "öst#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "öster",
      "öster#Swedish"
    ],
    [
      "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀",
      "𐬎𐬱𐬀𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬭𐬀#Avestan"
    ],
    [
      "auster",
      "auster#Latin"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "The direction of the earth's rotation, specifically 90°.",
        "The eastern region or area; the inhabitants thereof.",
        "In a church: the direction of the altar and chancel; the direction faced by the priest when celebrating ad orientem."
      ],
      "tags": [],
      "recordId": "d029f9d053bdfb68d92bbe5b1f2c1e3e5655d2af1693436f99e82857d622c7aa",
      "rawRecordSha256": "678da0ad7bafffba6df2d8bf7a343f1810afecc016e6844523c0e1963ed10f77",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 17609
    },
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Situated or lying in or towards the east; eastward.",
        "Blowing (as wind) from the east.",
        "Of or pertaining to the east; eastern.",
        "From the East; oriental."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "not-comparable"
      ],
      "recordId": "d46403911bb333adc7b8c50ef36c7a86561c76cb9d76c793716d0941b2e5dce9",
      "rawRecordSha256": "c688c7049a618cbf66072ad53d31c19006afe0597320609a5314a9481208f77c",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 17610
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 1,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for east →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger

Machine-source provenance

Source SHA-256: 5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run: 73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID: w-ZWFzdA