*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of dark

From Middle English derk, from Old English deorc, from Proto-West Germanic *derk (“dark”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“dim, dull”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“dull, dirty”)

3 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 3 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
adj

Having an absolute or (more often) relative lack of light. · Extinguished. · Deprived of sight; blind. · Transmitting, reflecting, or receiving inadequate light to render timely discernment or comprehension

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English derk, from Old English deorc, from Proto-West Germanic *derk (“dark”), of uncertain origin, but possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“dim, dull”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“dull, dirty”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionderkenm
  • Inherited-form mentiondeorcang
  • Inherited-form mention*derkgmw-pro · dark
  • Derivation mention*dʰerg-ine-pro · dim, dull
  • Derivation mention*dʰer-ine-pro · dull, dirty

This page abbreviates 10 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derk",
        "id": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derkaz\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"deorc\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"derk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"dark\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"dark\" id=\"English:_adjective\">"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "derk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English derk"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "deorc"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English deorc"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*derk",
        "t": "dark"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *derk (“dark”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰerg-",
        "t": "dim, dull"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- (“dim, dull”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*dʰer-",
        "t": "dull, dirty"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰer- (“dull, dirty”)"
    },
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        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derk",
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      },
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    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "derk",
      "derk#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "deorc",
      "deorc#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*derk",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/derk"
    ],
    [
      "*dʰerg-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰerg-"
    ],
    [
      "*dʰer-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰer-"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "adj",
      "glosses": [
        "Having an absolute or (more often) relative lack of light.",
        "Extinguished.",
        "Deprived of sight; blind.",
        "Transmitting, reflecting, or receiving inadequate light to render timely discernment or comprehension"
      ],
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Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
noun

A complete or (more often) partial absence of light. · Ignorance. · Nightfall. · A dark shade or dark passage in a painting, engraving, etc.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English derk, derke, dirke, dyrke, from the adjective (see above), or possibly from an unrecorded Old English *dierce, *diercu (“dark, darkness”).

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mentionderkenm
  • Inherited-form mention*dierceang
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

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    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derk",
        "id": "noun"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derkaz\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"deorc\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"derk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"dark\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"noun\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"dark\" id=\"English:_noun\">"
    },
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        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "derk"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English derk"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "*dierce"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English *dierce"
    },
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derk",
        "id": "noun"
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    }
  ],
  "links": [
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      "derk",
      "derk#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "derke",
      "derke#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "dirke",
      "dirke#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "dyrke",
      "dyrke#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "*dierce",
      "Reconstruction:Old English/dierce"
    ],
    [
      "*diercu",
      "Reconstruction:Old English/diercu"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "A complete or (more often) partial absence of light.",
        "Ignorance.",
        "Nightfall.",
        "A dark shade or dark passage in a painting, engraving, etc."
      ],
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        "usually"
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Source etymology 3

Original entry ↗
verb

To grow or become dark, darken. · To remain in the dark, lurk, lie hidden or concealed. · To make dark, darken; to obscure.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg- Proto-Indo-European *dʰerg-o-s Proto-Germanic *derkaz? Proto-West Germanic *derk Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ti Proto-Germanic *-ōną Proto-West Germanic *-ōn Proto-West Germanic *derkōn Old English deorcian Middle English derken English dark Inherited from Middle English derken, from Old English deorcian, from Proto-West Germanic *derkōn, from *derk (“dirty, dark”) + *-ōn.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derken<ety:inh<ang:deorcian>>",
        "id": "verb",
        "text": "++",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dʰerg-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰerg-o-s\nProto-Germanic *derkaz?\nProto-West Germanic *derk\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂ti\nProto-Germanic *-ōną\nProto-West Germanic *-ōn\nProto-West Germanic *derkōn\nOld English deorcian\nMiddle English derken\nEnglish dark\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derkaz\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derk\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"factitive\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\", \"pos\" : \"suffix originally used to form collective nouns, extended in Late PIE to also be a marker of feminine gender\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"factitive verb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derkōn\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : [ \"gmw-pro\", \":inh<unc>\", \"gem-pro:*derkaz<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*dʰerg-o-s><ety:from<*dʰerg-<t:to dim, darken><postype:root>>>>>\" ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*derk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"deorc\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"gmw-pro\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"gem-pro:*-ōną\", \"id\" : \"verbal\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōn\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōjan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"afeq\", \"is_invisible\" : \"all\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"deorcian\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"derken\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"dark\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"verb\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"dark\" id=\"English:_verb\">\nInherited from Middle English derken, from Old English deorcian, from Proto-West Germanic *derkōn, from *derk (“dirty, dark”) + *-ōn."
    },
    {
      "name": "ety",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:derken<ety:inh<ang:deorcian>>",
        "id": "verb",
        "text": "++",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *dʰerg-\nProto-Indo-European *dʰerg-o-s\nProto-Germanic *derkaz?\nProto-West Germanic *derk\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂ti\nProto-Germanic *-ōną\nProto-West Germanic *-ōn\nProto-West Germanic *derkōn\nOld English deorcian\nMiddle English derken\nEnglish dark\nInherited from Middle English derken, from Old English deorcian, from Proto-West Germanic *derkōn, from *derk (“dirty, dark”) + *-ōn."
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "*dʰerg-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰerg-"
    ],
    [
      "*derkaz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/derkaz"
    ],
    [
      "*derk",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/derk"
    ],
    [
      "*-h₂",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
    ],
    [
      "*-éh₂",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
    ],
    [
      "*-yéti",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
    ],
    [
      "*-eh₂yéti",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_suf"
    ],
    [
      "*-h₂ti",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti#Proto-Indo-European:_factitive_verb"
    ],
    [
      "*-ōną",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōną"
    ],
    [
      "*-ōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōn#Proto-West_Germanic:_factitive"
    ],
    [
      "*derkōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/derkōn"
    ],
    [
      "deorcian",
      "deorcian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "derken",
      "derken#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "derken",
      "derken#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "deorcian",
      "deorcian#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*derkōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/derkōn"
    ],
    [
      "*derk",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/derk"
    ],
    [
      "*-ōn",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōn#Proto-West_Germanic:_factitive"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To grow or become dark, darken.",
        "To remain in the dark, lurk, lie hidden or concealed.",
        "To make dark, darken; to obscure."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive",
        "transitive"
      ],
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}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for dark →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-ZGFyaw