Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗The species Canis familiaris (sometimes designated Canis lupus familiaris), domesticated for thousands of years and of highly variable appearance because of human breeding. · Any member of the family Canidae, including domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, jackals, and their relatives (extant and extinct). · A male dog, wolf, or fox, as opposed to a bitch or vixen. · The meat of this animal, eaten as food.
Etymology tree Old English *dogga Middle English dogge English dog Inherited from Middle English dogge (akin to Scots dug), from Old English docga, *dogga, of uncertain origin. The original meaning seems to have been a common dog, as opposed to a well-bred one, or something like 'cur', and perhaps later came to be used for stocky dogs. Possibly a pet-form diminutive with suffix -ga (compare frocga (“frog”), *picga (“pig”)), appended to a base *dog-, *doc- of unclear origin and meaning. One possibility is Old English dox (“dark, swarthy”) (compare frocga from frox). Another proposal is that it derives from Proto-West Germanic *dugan (“to be suitable”), the origin of Old English dugan (“to be good, worthy, useful”), English dow, Dutch deugen, German taugen. The theory goes that it could have been an epithet for dogs, commonly used by children, meaning "good/useful animal". Another one is that it is related to *docce (“stock, muscle”), from Proto-West Germanic *dokkā (“round mass, ball, muscle, doll”), whence English dock (“stumpy tail”). In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype resembling the modern mastiff and bulldog. By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to breeds used for hunting. In the 16th century, the word dog was adopted by several continental European languages as their word for mastiff. Despite similarities in forms and meaning, it is not related to Mbabaram dog.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 19 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "interproject-box",
"args": {
"sisterclass": "wikidata",
"logo": "Wikidata lexemes logo symbol square.svg",
"logoalt": "Wikidata lexemes logo",
"intro": "Wikidata has a Lexeme related to",
"link": "dog (L1122)"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "wikidata lexeme",
"args": {
"1": "L1122"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:dogge",
"id": "canine",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nOld English *dogga\nMiddle English dogge\nEnglish dog\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"dogge\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"dog\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"canine\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"dog\" id=\"English:_canine\">"
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dogge",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English dogge"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dogge"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English dogge"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dug"
},
"expansion": "Scots dug"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "docga,*dogga"
},
"expansion": "Old English docga, *dogga"
},
{
"name": "unc",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "uncertain"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "dox",
"t": "dark, swarthy"
},
"expansion": "Old English dox (“dark, swarthy”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dugan",
"3": "",
"4": "to be suitable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dugan (“to be suitable”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "dugan",
"3": "",
"4": "to be good, worthy, useful"
},
"expansion": "Old English dugan (“to be good, worthy, useful”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dow"
},
"expansion": "English dow"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "deugen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch deugen"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "taugen"
},
"expansion": "German taugen"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*dokkā",
"id": "bundle",
"t": "round mass, ball, muscle, doll"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *dokkā (“round mass, ball, muscle, doll”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "dock",
"id": "cut",
"t": "stumpy tail"
},
"expansion": "English dock (“stumpy tail”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hund"
},
"expansion": "Old English hund"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "vmb",
"2": "dog"
},
"expansion": "Mbabaram dog"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:dogge",
"id": "canine",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nOld English *dogga\nMiddle English dogge\nEnglish dog"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*dogga",
"Reconstruction:Old English/dogga"
],
[
"dogge",
"dogge#Middle_English"
],
[
"dogge",
"dogge#Middle_English"
],
[
"dug",
"dug#Scots"
],
[
"docga",
"docga#Old_English"
],
[
"*dogga",
"Reconstruction:Old English/dogga"
],
[
"cur",
"cur"
],
[
"-ga",
"-ga#Old_English"
],
[
"frocga",
"frocga#Old_English"
],
[
"*picga",
"Reconstruction:Old English/picga"
],
[
"*dog-",
"Reconstruction:Old English/dog-"
],
[
"*doc-",
"Reconstruction:Old English/doc-"
],
[
"dox",
"dox#Old_English"
],
[
"frocga",
"frocga#Old_English"
],
[
"frox",
"frox#Old_English"
],
[
"*dugan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dugan"
],
[
"dugan",
"dugan#Old_English"
],
[
"dow",
"dow#English"
],
[
"deugen",
"deugen#Dutch"
],
[
"taugen",
"taugen#German"
],
[
"*docce",
"Reconstruction:Old English/docce"
],
[
"*dokkā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/dokkā#Proto-West_Germanic:_bundle"
],
[
"dock",
"dock#English:_cut"
],
[
"hound",
"hound#English"
],
[
"hund",
"hund#Old_English"
],
[
"hunt",
"hunt"
],
[
"mastiff",
"mastiff#English"
],
[
"dog",
"dog#Mbabaram"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Australian Kriol",
"lang_code": "rop",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"lang": "Bislama",
"lang_code": "bi",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"lang": "Gullah",
"lang_code": "gul",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"lang": "Pijin",
"lang_code": "pis",
"word": "dogi"
},
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "dagu"
},
{
"lang": "Tok Pisin",
"lang_code": "tpi",
"word": "dok"
},
{
"lang": "Torres Strait Creole",
"lang_code": "tcs",
"word": "dog"
},
{
"lang": "American Sign Language",
"lang_code": "ase",
"word": "Kop@Inside-PalmForward 1o@Inside",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "dog",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"word": "dogo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Ido",
"lang_code": "io",
"word": "dogo"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "dogue",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Dogge",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"word": "dogo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "dogo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
]
},
{
"lang": "Mokilese",
"lang_code": "mkj",
"word": "doahk",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "dogue",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"word": "дог",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "dog"
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "dogo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"word": "dog",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"word": "doeg",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"The species Canis familiaris (sometimes designated Canis lupus familiaris), domesticated for thousands of years and of highly variable appearance because of human breeding.",
"Any member of the family Canidae, including domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, jackals, and their relatives (extant and extinct).",
"A male dog, wolf, or fox, as opposed to a bitch or vixen.",
"The meat of this animal, eaten as food."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable",
"attributive",
"often",
"rare"
],
"recordId": "10c041cdd8103fcef468fa0a5667e24861cf043c80ef4cde2a96afeae0a20859",
"rawRecordSha256": "472dacc7ed8cc38a61892c4d2156fd8212099012e5db02984bf2429412c5f783",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 4179543
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 19,
"glosses": 0
}
}