*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of gnaw

From Middle English gnawen, gnaȝen, from Old English gnagan, from Proto-West Germanic *gnagan, from Proto-Germanic *gnaganą (“to gnaw”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”). Cognate with Dutch

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In this entry · 1 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Unnumbered source etymology

Original entry ↗
noun

The act of gnawing.

verb

To bite something persistently, especially something tough. · To produce excessive anxiety or worry. · To corrode; to fret away; to waste.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English gnawen, gnaȝen, from Old English gnagan, from Proto-West Germanic *gnagan, from Proto-Germanic *gnaganą (“to gnaw”), probably from Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”). Cognate with Dutch knagen, German nagen, Danish gnave (“to gnaw”), Norwegian Bokmål gnage, Norwegian Nynorsk gnaga, Swedish gnaga.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "gnawen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English gnawen"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "gnagan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English gnagan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*gnagan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gnagan"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*gnaganą",
        "t": "to gnaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gnaganą (“to gnaw”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "der",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*gʰnēgʰ-",
        "t": "to gnaw, scratch"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gʰnēgʰ- (“to gnaw, scratch”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "knagen"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch knagen"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "nagen"
      },
      "expansion": "German nagen"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "gnave",
        "t": "to gnaw"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish gnave (“to gnaw”)"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nb",
        "2": "gnage"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål gnage"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "nn",
        "2": "gnaga"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk gnaga"
    },
    {
      "name": "cog",
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "gnaga"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish gnaga"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "gnawen",
      "gnawen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "gnaȝen",
      "gnaȝen#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "gnagan",
      "gnagan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*gnagan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/gnagan"
    ],
    [
      "*gnaganą",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gnaganą"
    ],
    [
      "*gʰnēgʰ-",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰnēgʰ-"
    ],
    [
      "knagen",
      "knagen#Dutch"
    ],
    [
      "nagen",
      "nagen#German"
    ],
    [
      "gnave",
      "gnave#Danish"
    ],
    [
      "gnage",
      "gnage#Norwegian_Bokmål"
    ],
    [
      "gnaga",
      "gnaga#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
    ],
    [
      "gnaga",
      "gnaga#Swedish"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "noun",
      "glosses": [
        "The act of gnawing."
      ],
      "tags": [],
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      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 20583
    },
    {
      "pos": "verb",
      "glosses": [
        "To bite something persistently, especially something tough.",
        "To produce excessive anxiety or worry.",
        "To corrode; to fret away; to waste."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive",
        "intransitive"
      ],
      "recordId": "c90d02c3e14becd1e6687a1f80743833f044300c169acf273f339699115f2052",
      "rawRecordSha256": "771f310a5c497dc965d3c11616a768846b67444ef24d1891e4206e96974828a4",
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  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for gnaw →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-Z25hdw