Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗prep
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryNear or next to. · From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past. · Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval); before. · After a given amount of time has elapsed or a given event has occurred.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épsder. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épider. Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi Proto-Germanic *bi Proto-West Germanic *bī Old English bī Middle English by English by From Middle English by, bi, from Old English bī (“by; near; around”), from Proto-West Germanic *bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi. Cognate with West Frisian by (“by; near”), Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”), Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”), Dutch bij (“near; by”), German Low German bi (“by; near; at”), German bei (“by; near; at”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 18 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:by<id:preposition>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épsder.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épider.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁pi\nProto-Germanic *bi\nProto-West Germanic *bī\nOld English bī\nMiddle English by\nEnglish by\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₁éps\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁ep-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁épi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁pi\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bī\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bī\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"by\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"by\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"by\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "by"
},
"expansion": "Middle English by"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bī",
"4": "",
"5": "by; near; around"
},
"expansion": "Old English bī (“by; near; around”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*bī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *bī"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi",
"4": "",
"5": "near; by; around; about"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi (“near; by; around; about”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁epi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "by; near"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian by (“by; near”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "by",
"3": "",
"4": "at; by; near"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans by (“at; by; near”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "bie",
"3": "",
"4": "near; by"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian bie (“near; by”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "bij",
"3": "",
"4": "near; by"
},
"expansion": "Dutch bij (“near; by”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "bi",
"3": "",
"4": "by; near; at"
},
"expansion": "German Low German bi (“by; near; at”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "bei",
"3": "",
"4": "by; near; at"
},
"expansion": "German bei (“by; near; at”)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:by<id:preposition>",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épsder.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épider.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁pi\nProto-Germanic *bi\nProto-West Germanic *bī\nOld English bī\nMiddle English by\nEnglish by"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*h₁ep-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ep-"
],
[
"*h₁épi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁épi"
],
[
"*h₁pi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁pi"
],
[
"*bi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi"
],
[
"*bī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bī"
],
[
"bī",
"bi#Old_English"
],
[
"by",
"by#Middle_English:_preposition"
],
[
"by",
"by#Middle_English"
],
[
"bi",
"bi#Middle_English"
],
[
"bī",
"bi#Old_English"
],
[
"*bī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bī"
],
[
"*bi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi"
],
[
"*h₁epi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi"
],
[
"by",
"by#West_Frisian"
],
[
"by",
"by#Afrikaans"
],
[
"bie",
"bie#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"bij",
"bij#Dutch"
],
[
"bi",
"bi#Low_German"
],
[
"bei",
"bei#German"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"word": "by",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bāi"
},
{
"lang": "Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"word": "BY",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "bāi"
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "prep",
"glosses": [
"Near or next to.",
"From one side of something to the other, passing close by; past.",
"Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval); before.",
"After a given amount of time has elapsed or a given event has occurred."
],
"tags": [],
"recordId": "65bd3c85f6d1b193d985a03998d6188b6a3d52549e184ece1b5b56c29f59f4f0",
"rawRecordSha256": "022d2ecbd5278e3a87efa37244914c9800561718cf69a5f5064f4f6c4d249f85",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 35882
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 18,
"glosses": 0
}
}