Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗verb
To kill or murder. · To outlive. · To place in the ground. · To hide or conceal as if by covering with earth or another substance.
noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA burrow.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ-der. Proto-Germanic *burgijaną Proto-West Germanic *burgijan Old English byrġan Middle English birien English bury Middle English birien, berien, from Old English byrġan, from Proto-West Germanic *burgijan, from Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to keep safe”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to defend, protect”). Cognate with Icelandic byrgja (“to cover, shut; to hold in”); West Frisian bergje (“to keep”), German bergen (“to save/rescue something”), Danish bjerge (“to save/rescue something or somebody”); also Eastern Lithuanian bir̃ginti (“to save, spare”), Russian бере́чь (beréčʹ, “to spare”), Ossetian ӕмбӕрзын (æmbærzyn, “to cover”). The spelling with ⟨u⟩ represents the historical pronunciation of the West Midland and Southern dialects with /ɪʊ̯/ (compare fury), while the Modern English pronunciation with /ɛ/ is from the Kentish dialects. Compare typologically Russian хорони́ть (xoronítʹ) (akin to храни́ть (xranítʹ)), Polish chować.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*bʰergʰ-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionbirienenm
- Inherited-form mentionbyrġanang
- Inherited-form mention*burgijangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*burgijanągem-pro
- Derivation mention*bʰergʰ-ine-pro
- Cognate mentionbyrgjais
- Cognate mentionbergjefy
- Cognate mentionbergende
- Cognate mentionbjergeda
- Cognate mentionbir̃gintilt
- Cognate mentionбере́чьru
- Cognate mentionӕмбӕрзынos
This page abbreviates 6 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:birien",
"id": "inter",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ-der.\nProto-Germanic *burgijaną\nProto-West Germanic *burgijan\nOld English byrġan\nMiddle English birien\nEnglish bury\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰergʰ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*burgijaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*burgijan\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"byrġan\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"birien\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"bury\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"inter\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"bury\" id=\"English:_inter\">"
},
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰergʰ-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "birien"
},
"expansion": "Middle English birien"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "byrġan"
},
"expansion": "Old English byrġan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*burgijan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *burgijan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*burgijaną",
"4": "",
"5": "to keep safe"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *burgijaną (“to keep safe”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰergʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to defend, protect"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ- (“to defend, protect”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "byrgja",
"3": "",
"4": "to cover, shut; to hold in"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic byrgja (“to cover, shut; to hold in”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bergje",
"3": "",
"4": "to keep"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian bergje (“to keep”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "bergen",
"3": "",
"4": "to save/rescue something"
},
"expansion": "German bergen (“to save/rescue something”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bjerge",
"3": "",
"4": "to save/rescue something or somebody"
},
"expansion": "Danish bjerge (“to save/rescue something or somebody”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "bir̃ginti",
"3": "",
"4": "to save, spare"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian bir̃ginti (“to save, spare”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "бере́чь",
"3": "",
"4": "to spare"
},
"expansion": "Russian бере́чь (beréčʹ, “to spare”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "ӕмбӕрзын",
"3": "",
"4": "to cover"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian ӕмбӕрзын (æmbærzyn, “to cover”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "хорони́ть"
},
"expansion": "Russian хорони́ть (xoronítʹ)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chować"
},
"expansion": "Polish chować"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:birien",
"id": "inter",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰergʰ-der.\nProto-Germanic *burgijaną\nProto-West Germanic *burgijan\nOld English byrġan\nMiddle English birien\nEnglish bury"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰergʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰergʰ-"
],
[
"*burgijaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgijaną#Proto-Germanic:_protect"
],
[
"*burgijan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/burgijan#Proto-West_Germanic:_bury"
],
[
"byrġan",
"byrgan#Old_English:_bury"
],
[
"birien",
"birien#Middle_English"
],
[
"birien",
"birien#Middle_English"
],
[
"berien",
"berien#Middle_English"
],
[
"byrġan",
"byrgan#Old_English"
],
[
"*burgijan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/burgijan"
],
[
"*burgijaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/burgijaną"
],
[
"*bʰergʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰergʰ-"
],
[
"byrgja",
"byrgja#Icelandic"
],
[
"bergje",
"bergje#West_Frisian"
],
[
"bergen",
"bergen#German"
],
[
"bjerge",
"bjerge#Danish"
],
[
"bir̃ginti",
"birginti#Lithuanian"
],
[
"бере́чь",
"беречь#Russian"
],
[
"ӕмбӕрзын",
"ӕмбӕрзын#Ossetian"
],
[
"fury",
"fury"
],
[
"хорони́ть",
"хоронить#Russian"
],
[
"храни́ть",
"хранить#Russian"
],
[
"chować",
"chować#Polish"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To kill or murder.",
"To outlive.",
"To place in the ground.",
"To hide or conceal as if by covering with earth or another substance."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"slang",
"transitive",
"humorous",
"often"
],
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"sourceRecordOrdinal": 161278
},
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"A burrow."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"transitive"
],
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