Source etymology 1 · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗verb
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryTo be consumed by fire or in flames. · To contain a fire or coals. · To become overheated to the point of being unusable; to become scorched. · To be executed by an electric chair.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der. Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenw- Proto-Indo-European *bʰrénuh₁e-? Proto-Germanic *brinnaną Proto-West Germanic *brinnan Old English biernan ▲ Proto-Germanic *brinnaną Proto-Indo-European *-yeti Proto-Indo-European *-éyeti Proto-Germanic *-janą Proto-Germanic *brannijaną Proto-West Germanic *brannijan Old English bærnan Old Norse brennabor. Middle English brennen English burn From late Middle English burne, birne, metathetic form of brinne, brynne, a variant of brennen, from Old Norse brinna, brenna (“to burn”), from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-, present stem from *bʰrewh₁- (“to boil”). Doublet of brew. The late metathesis of East Midland brin- to birn- (and subsequently burn-) parallels the phonological development of bird and dirt from brid and drit. As this metathetic form became the Chancery Standard, it displaced the semantic functions and weak conjugation paradigm of the native Old English bærnan (weak), alongside the surviving remnants of byrnan (strong). Cognates Cognate with Cimbrian prönnan (“to burn”), Dutch barnen, branden (“to burn”), German brinnen (“to burn”), Luxembourgish brennen (“to burn”), Vilamovian brīn (“to burn”), Yiddish ברענען (brenen, “to burn”), Danish brænde (“to burn”), Faroese and Icelandic brenna (“to burn”), Norwegian Bokmål brenne (“to burn”), Norwegian Nynorsk brenna, brenne (“to burn”), Swedish brinna (“to burn”), Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan, “to burn”); also Cornish bros (“blazing, boiling”), Irish bruth (“heat; eruption; surf”), Welsh brwd (“eager, keen; passionate, zealous”), Latin defrutum (“grape must reduced by boiling”), Ancient Greek πορφύρω (porphúrō, “to boil, heave”), Albanian burth (“Cyclamen hederifolium; mouth burning”), Armenian աղբյուր (aġbyur, “fountain, spring”), Sanskrit भुर्वन् (bhurvan, “runnel, spring”). More at brew.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*bʰrewh₁-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionburneenm
- Derivation mentionbrinnanon
- Derivation mention*brinnanągem-pro · to burn
- Derivation mention*bʰrenw-ine-pro
- Doublet mentionbrewen
- Cognate mentionbærnanang
- Cognate mentionprönnancim · to burn
- Cognate mentionbarnennl
- Cognate mentionbrinnende · to burn
- Cognate mentionbrennenlb · to burn
- Cognate mentionbrīnwym · to burn
- Cognate mentionברענעןyi · to burn
- Cognate mentionbrændeda · to burn
- Cognate mentionbrennenb · to burn
- Cognate mentionbrennann
- Cognate mentionbrinnasv · to burn
- Cognate mention𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽got · to burn
- Cognate mentionbroskw · blazing, boiling
- Cognate mentionbruthga · heat; eruption; surf
- Cognate mentionbrwdcy · eager, keen; passionate, zealous
- Cognate mentiondefrutumla · grape must reduced by boiling
- Cognate mentionπορφύρωgrc · to boil, heave
- Cognate mentionburthsq
- Cognate mentionաղբյուրhy · fountain, spring
- Cognate mentionभुर्वन्sa · runnel, spring
This page abbreviates 36 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymid",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fire"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰrewh₁-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:brennen",
"id": "fire",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der.\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrénuh₁e-?\nProto-Germanic *brinnaną\nProto-West Germanic *brinnan\nOld English biernan\n▲\nProto-Germanic *brinnaną\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éyeti\nProto-Germanic *-janą\nProto-Germanic *brannijaną\nProto-West Germanic *brannijan\nOld English bærnan\nOld Norse brennabor.\nMiddle English brennen\nEnglish burn\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrenw-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrénuh₁e-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"biernan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"gem-pro\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"ine-pro:*bʰrénuh₁e-<unc><ety:from<ine-pro:*bʰrenw-<ety:der<ine-pro:*bʰrewh₁->>>>\", \"id\" : \"burn\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"causative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"causative suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éyeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-janą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bærnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Norse\", \"term\" : \"brenna\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"non\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"brennen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"burn\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"fire\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"burn\" id=\"English:_fire\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burne"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burne"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "metathesis",
"2": "metathetic"
},
"expansion": "metathetic"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "brinna"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse brinna"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brinnaną",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰrenw-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-"
},
{
"name": "doublet",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "brew"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of brew"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "bærnan"
},
"expansion": "Old English bærnan"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "prönnan",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian prönnan (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "barnen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch barnen"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "brinnen",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "German brinnen (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "brennen",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish brennen (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "brīn",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian brīn (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "ברענען",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish ברענען (brenen, “to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "brænde",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Danish brænde (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo,is",
"2": "brenna",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic brenna (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "brenne",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål brenne (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "brenna"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk brenna"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "brinna",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Swedish brinna (“to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽",
"t": "to burn"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (brinnan, “to burn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "bros",
"t": "blazing, boiling"
},
"expansion": "Cornish bros (“blazing, boiling”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "bruth",
"t": "heat; eruption; surf"
},
"expansion": "Irish bruth (“heat; eruption; surf”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "brwd",
"t": "eager, keen; passionate, zealous"
},
"expansion": "Welsh brwd (“eager, keen; passionate, zealous”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "defrutum",
"t": "grape must reduced by boiling"
},
"expansion": "Latin defrutum (“grape must reduced by boiling”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορφύρω",
"t": "to boil, heave"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek πορφύρω (porphúrō, “to boil, heave”)"
},
{
"name": "taxlink",
"args": {
"1": "Cyclamen hederifolium",
"2": "species"
},
"expansion": "Cyclamen hederifolium"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "burth",
"3": "",
"4": "Cyclamen hederifolium; mouth burning"
},
"expansion": "Albanian burth (“Cyclamen hederifolium; mouth burning”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "աղբյուր",
"t": "fountain, spring"
},
"expansion": "Armenian աղբյուր (aġbyur, “fountain, spring”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "भुर्वन्",
"t": "runnel, spring"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit भुर्वन् (bhurvan, “runnel, spring”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:brennen",
"id": "fire",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrewh₁-der.\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrenw-\nProto-Indo-European *bʰrénuh₁e-?\nProto-Germanic *brinnaną\nProto-West Germanic *brinnan\nOld English biernan\n▲\nProto-Germanic *brinnaną\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éyeti\nProto-Germanic *-janą\nProto-Germanic *brannijaną\nProto-West Germanic *brannijan\nOld English bærnan\nOld Norse brennabor.\nMiddle English brennen\nEnglish burn"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰrewh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrewh₁-"
],
[
"*bʰrenw-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrenw-"
],
[
"*bʰrénuh₁e-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrénuh₁e-"
],
[
"*brinnaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brinnaną"
],
[
"*brinnan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/brinnan"
],
[
"biernan",
"biernan#Old_English"
],
[
"*brinnaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brinnaną"
],
[
"*-yeti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yeti#Proto-Indo-European:_forming_verbs"
],
[
"*-éyeti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éyeti#Proto-Indo-European:_causative_suffix"
],
[
"*-janą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-janą#Proto-Germanic:_causative"
],
[
"*brannijaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brannijaną"
],
[
"*brannijan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/brannijan"
],
[
"bærnan",
"bærnan#Old_English"
],
[
"brenna",
"brenna#Old_Norse"
],
[
"brennen",
"brennen#Middle_English"
],
[
"burne",
"burne#Middle_English"
],
[
"birne",
"birne#Middle_English"
],
[
"brinne",
"brinne#Middle_English"
],
[
"brynne",
"brynne#Middle_English"
],
[
"brennen",
"brennen#Middle_English"
],
[
"brinna",
"brinna#Old_Norse"
],
[
"brenna",
"brenna#Old_Norse"
],
[
"*brinnaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/brinnaną"
],
[
"*bʰrenw-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrenw-"
],
[
"*bʰrewh₁-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰrewh₁-"
],
[
"brew",
"brew#English"
],
[
"bird",
"bird#English"
],
[
"dirt",
"dirt#English"
],
[
"brid",
"brid#Middle_English"
],
[
"drit",
"drit#Middle_English"
],
[
"bærnan",
"bærnan#Old_English"
],
[
"byrnan",
"byrnan#Old_English"
],
[
"prönnan",
"prönnan#Cimbrian"
],
[
"barnen",
"barnen#Dutch"
],
[
"branden",
"branden#Dutch"
],
[
"brinnen",
"brinnen#German"
],
[
"brennen",
"brennen#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"brīn",
"brīn#Vilamovian"
],
[
"ברענען",
"ברענען#Yiddish"
],
[
"brænde",
"brænde#Danish"
],
[
"Faroese",
"brenna#Faroese"
],
[
"brenna",
"brenna#Icelandic"
],
[
"brenne",
"brenne#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"brenna",
"brenna#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"brenne",
"brenne#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"brinna",
"brinna#Swedish"
],
[
"𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽",
"𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽#Gothic"
],
[
"bros",
"bros#Cornish"
],
[
"bruth",
"bruth#Irish"
],
[
"brwd",
"brwd#Welsh"
],
[
"defrutum",
"defrutum#Latin"
],
[
"πορφύρω",
"πορφύρω#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"burth",
"burth#Albanian"
],
[
"աղբյուր",
"աղբյուր#Armenian"
],
[
"भुर्वन्",
"भुर्वन्#Sanskrit"
],
[
"brew",
"brew#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "burn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed",
"uncertain"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "burn"
}
]
},
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "bron",
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aukan",
"lang_code": "djk",
"word": "boon"
}
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To be consumed by fire or in flames.",
"To contain a fire or coals.",
"To become overheated to the point of being unusable; to become scorched.",
"To be executed by an electric chair."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"recordId": "f0569088e7be342d164133b1d8d24afcf12c963cf5abed266c7e5d7ef59eee58",
"rawRecordSha256": "db51b97283baf921a3ae134735995c62f3b18cbde2072de331389dd5856a7cbb",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 30220
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 36,
"glosses": 0
}
}