Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗verb
To punish with a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood. · To punish as though one were using a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood.
noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryAny of various trees of the genus Betula, native to countries in the Northern Hemisphere. · A hard wood taken from the birch tree, typically used to make furniture. · A stick, rod or bundle of twigs made from birch wood, used for punishment. · A birch-bark canoe.
PIE word *bʰerHǵós From Middle English birche, birk, from Old English birċe, bierċe, from Proto-West Germanic *birkijā, from Proto-Germanic *birkijǭ, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos. Cognates Compare West Frisian bjirk, German Birke, variant of *berkō (compare Dutch berk, Danish birk, Swedish björk, Norwegian bjørk), Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá), Lithuanian béržas, Czech bříza, Ossetian бӕрз (bærz), Russian берёза (berjóza)), Latin fraxinus (“ash tree, ash javelin”), Albanian bredh.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionbircheenm
- Inherited-form mentionbirċeang
- Inherited-form mention*birkijāgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*birkijǭgem-pro
- Inherited-form mention*bʰerHǵosine-pro
- Cognate mentionbjirkfy
- Cognate mentionBirkede
- Cognate mentionberknl
- Cognate mentionbirkda
- Cognate mentionbjörksv
- Cognate mentionbjørkno
- Cognate mentionभूर्जsa
- Cognate mentionbéržaslt
- Cognate mentionbřízacs
- Cognate mentionбӕрзos
- Cognate mentionберёзаru
- Cognate mentionfraxinusla
- Cognate mentionbredhsq
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
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"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "langname",
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European"
},
{
"name": "word",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine",
"3": "bʰerHǵós",
"id": ""
},
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{
"name": "PIE word",
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"2": "bʰerHǵós"
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"expansion": "PIE word\n *bʰerHǵós"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "birche"
},
"expansion": "Middle English birche"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "birċe"
},
"expansion": "Old English birċe"
},
{
"name": "inh",
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"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*birkijā"
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *birkijā"
},
{
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"3": "*birkijǭ"
},
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"name": "inh",
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerHǵos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerHǵos"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "bjirk"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian bjirk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Birke"
},
"expansion": "German Birke"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "berk"
},
"expansion": "Dutch berk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "birk"
},
"expansion": "Danish birk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "björk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish björk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "bjørk"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian bjørk"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "भूर्ज",
"tr": "bhūrjá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit भूर्ज (bhūrjá)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "béržas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian béržas"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "bříza"
},
"expansion": "Czech bříza"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "os",
"2": "бӕрз"
},
"expansion": "Ossetian бӕрз (bærz)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "берёза"
},
"expansion": "Russian берёза (berjóza)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "fraxinus",
"3": "",
"4": "ash tree, ash javelin"
},
"expansion": "Latin fraxinus (“ash tree, ash javelin”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "bredh"
},
"expansion": "Albanian bredh"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰerHǵós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerHǵós"
],
[
"birche",
"birche#Middle_English"
],
[
"birk",
"birk#Middle_English"
],
[
"birċe",
"birce#Old_English"
],
[
"bierċe",
"bierce#Old_English"
],
[
"*birkijā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/birkijā"
],
[
"*birkijǭ",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/birkijǭ"
],
[
"*bʰerHǵos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerHǵos"
],
[
"bjirk",
"bjirk#West_Frisian"
],
[
"Birke",
"Birke#German"
],
[
"*berkō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/berkō"
],
[
"berk",
"berk#Dutch"
],
[
"birk",
"birk#Danish"
],
[
"björk",
"björk#Swedish"
],
[
"bjørk",
"bjørk#Norwegian"
],
[
"भूर्ज",
"भूर्ज#Sanskrit"
],
[
"béržas",
"beržas#Lithuanian"
],
[
"bříza",
"bříza#Czech"
],
[
"бӕрз",
"бӕрз#Ossetian"
],
[
"берёза",
"берёза#Russian"
],
[
"fraxinus",
"fraxinus#Latin"
],
[
"javelin",
"javelin"
],
[
"bredh",
"bredh#Albanian"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To punish with a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood.",
"To punish as though one were using a stick, bundle of twigs, or rod made of birch wood."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
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{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Any of various trees of the genus Betula, native to countries in the Northern Hemisphere.",
"A hard wood taken from the birch tree, typically used to make furniture.",
"A stick, rod or bundle of twigs made from birch wood, used for punishment.",
"A birch-bark canoe."
],
"tags": [
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}