Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗prefix
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryBy, near, next to, around, close to. · Around; about. · About, regarding, concerning, over. · On, upon, at, to, in contact with something.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épsder. Proto-Indo-European *h₁épider. Proto-Indo-European *h₁pi Proto-Germanic *bider. Proto-Germanic *bi- Proto-West Germanic *bi- Old English be- Middle English bi- English be- From Middle English be-, bi-, from Old English be- (“be-”), from Proto-Germanic *bi- (“be-”), from Proto-Germanic *bi (“near, by”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at, near”). See by, by-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian bi- (“be-”), West Frisian be- (“be-”), Dutch be- (“be-”), German Low German be- (“be-”), German be- (“be-”), Danish be- (“be-”), Swedish be- (“be-”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 5 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:bi-",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épsder.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épider.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁pi\nProto-Germanic *bider.\nProto-Germanic *bi-\nProto-West Germanic *bi-\nOld English be-\nMiddle English bi-\nEnglish be-\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₁éps\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁ep-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁épi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₁pi\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bi\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bi-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bi-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"be-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"bi-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"be-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"be-\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Middle English be-"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "be-",
"4": "",
"5": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Old English be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi-",
"4": "",
"5": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*bi",
"4": "",
"5": "near, by"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *bi (“near, by”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁epi",
"4": "",
"5": "at, near"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at, near”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "bi-",
"t": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian bi- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "be-",
"t": "be-"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "be-",
"3": "",
"4": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Dutch be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "be-",
"t": "be-"
},
"expansion": "German Low German be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "be-",
"3": "",
"4": "be-"
},
"expansion": "German be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "be-",
"3": "",
"4": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Danish be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "be-",
"3": "",
"4": "be-"
},
"expansion": "Swedish be- (“be-”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:bi-",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₁ep-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épsder.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁épider.\nProto-Indo-European *h₁pi\nProto-Germanic *bider.\nProto-Germanic *bi-\nProto-West Germanic *bi-\nOld English be-\nMiddle English bi-\nEnglish be-"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*h₁ep-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ep-"
],
[
"*h₁épi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁épi"
],
[
"*h₁pi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁pi"
],
[
"*bi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi"
],
[
"*bi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi-"
],
[
"*bi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bi-"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Old_English"
],
[
"bi-",
"bi-#Middle_English"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Middle_English"
],
[
"bi-",
"bi-#Middle_English"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Old_English"
],
[
"*bi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi-"
],
[
"*bi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bi"
],
[
"*h₁epi",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁epi"
],
[
"by",
"by#English"
],
[
"by-",
"by-#English"
],
[
"bi-",
"bi-#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#West_Frisian"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Dutch"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Low_German"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#German"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Danish"
],
[
"be-",
"be-#Swedish"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "prefix",
"glosses": [
"By, near, next to, around, close to.",
"Around; about.",
"About, regarding, concerning, over.",
"On, upon, at, to, in contact with something."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme",
"rare"
],
"recordId": "7cd3f4b4677e291e57e974df5da16ebd50ee2376bbb5e13989b5e04e961f9572",
"rawRecordSha256": "3bc3dc3404587dc0201a1e196c7502889743fef153114dce38273e35fa9f9f7b",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 1157154
}
],
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"lexicalSenses": 5,
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}