Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Used with past participles of verbs to form the passive voice. · Used with present participles of verbs to form the continuous aspect. · Used with to-infinitives of verbs to express intent, obligation, appropriateness, or relative future occurrence. · Used with past participles of certain intransitive verbs to form the perfect aspect.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *bʰuHyétider.? Proto-Germanic *beuną Proto-West Germanic *beun Old English bēon Middle English been English be From Middle English been (“to be”). See below for more. Further etymology of be and its conjugated forms The various forms have three separate origins, which were mixed together at various times in the history of English. * The forms beginning with b- come from Old English bēon (“to be, become”), from Proto-Germanic *beuną (“to be, exist, come to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”), from the root *bʰuH-. In particular: ** Now-dialectal use of been as an infinitive of be is either from Middle English been (“to be”) or an extension of the past participle. ** Now-obsolete use of been as a plural present tense (meaning "are") is from Middle English been, be (present plural of been (“to be”), with the -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive; compare competing forms aren/are). ** Use of been as a past participle is from Middle English been, ybeen, from Old English ġebēon. * The forms beginning with w- come from the aforementioned Old English bēon, which shared its past tense with the verb wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to reside”). * The remaining forms (am, are, is) are also from Old English wesan (“to be”), Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, the present tense of which comes from Proto-Indo-European *h₁és-ti, from the root *h₁es-.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*bʰuH-ine-pro
- Root classification mention*h₁es-ine-pro
- Root classification mention*h₂wes-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionbeenenm
- Inherited-form mentionbēonang
- Inherited-form mention*beunągem-pro
- Inherited-form mention*bʰuHyétiine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionbeenenm · to be
- Inherited-form mentionġebēonang
- Inherited-form mention*wesangmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*wesanągem-pro
- Derivation mention*h₂wes-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionwesanang
- Derivation mention*h₁éstiine-pro
This page abbreviates 20 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:been<id:to be>",
"id": "is",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuHyétider.?\nProto-Germanic *beuną\nProto-West Germanic *beun\nOld English bēon\nMiddle English been\nEnglish be\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"be\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuH-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰuHyéti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*beuną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*beun\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bēon\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"been\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"be\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"is\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"be\" id=\"English:_is\">"
},
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰuH-",
"4": "*h₁es-",
"5": "*h₂wes-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been",
"4": "",
"5": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Middle English been (“to be”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon",
"4": "",
"5": "to be, become"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon (“to be, become”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*beuną",
"4": "",
"5": "to be, exist, come to be, become"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *beuną (“to be, exist, come to be, become”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰuHyéti",
"4": "*bʰuH-yé-ti",
"5": "to grow, become, come into being, appear"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-yé-ti (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been",
"t": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Middle English been (“to be”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been"
},
"expansion": "Middle English been"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "been",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English been"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġebēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġebēon"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bēon"
},
"expansion": "Old English bēon"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wesan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wesaną"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂wes-",
"4": "",
"5": "to reside"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to reside”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "wesan",
"4": "",
"5": "to be"
},
"expansion": "Old English wesan (“to be”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*wesan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *wesan"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wesaną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wesaną"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₁ésti",
"4": "*h₁és-ti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₁és-ti"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:been<id:to be>",
"id": "is",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuH-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *bʰuHyétider.?\nProto-Germanic *beuną\nProto-West Germanic *beun\nOld English bēon\nMiddle English been\nEnglish be"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*bʰuH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-#Proto-Indo-European:_be"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*bʰuHyéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuHyéti"
],
[
"*beuną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną"
],
[
"*beun",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/beun"
],
[
"bēon",
"beon#Old_English"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English:_to_be"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
],
[
"bēon",
"beon#Old_English"
],
[
"*beuną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną"
],
[
"*bʰuH-yé-ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuHyéti"
],
[
"*bʰuH-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
],
[
"be",
"be#Middle_English"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
],
[
"aren",
"aren#Middle_English"
],
[
"are",
"are#Middle_English"
],
[
"been",
"been#Middle_English"
],
[
"ybeen",
"ybeen#Middle_English"
],
[
"ġebēon",
"gebeon#Old_English"
],
[
"bēon",
"beon#Old_English"
],
[
"wesan",
"wesan#Old_English"
],
[
"*wesan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/wesan"
],
[
"*wesaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną"
],
[
"*h₂wes-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂wes-"
],
[
"am",
"am"
],
[
"are",
"are"
],
[
"is",
"is"
],
[
"wesan",
"wesan#Old_English"
],
[
"*wesan",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/wesan"
],
[
"*wesaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną"
],
[
"*h₁és-ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti"
],
[
"*h₁es-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁es-"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"Used with past participles of verbs to form the passive voice.",
"Used with present participles of verbs to form the continuous aspect.",
"Used with to-infinitives of verbs to express intent, obligation, appropriateness, or relative future occurrence.",
"Used with past participles of certain intransitive verbs to form the perfect aspect."
],
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
],
"recordId": "420a186812992f3aaa3e3866c02acc6b94204b4424737ea295145952743674b1",
"rawRecordSha256": "f797472f17b0bdd600aa2a97473f817e9bca37c66a602123ae17df30a8070b70",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 5608
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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"links": 0,
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"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 20,
"glosses": 0
}
}