Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Of low quality. · Inaccurate; incorrect · Unfavorable; negative; not good. · Not suitable or fitting.
Badly; poorly. · Badly; severely, extremely, passionately, eagerly.
Bold, daring, and tough. · Good, superlative, excellent, cool. · Overly promiscuous, licentious. · Very attractive; hot, sexy.
Something that is bad; a harm or evil. · Error; mistake. · An item (or kind of item) of merchandise with negative value; an unwanted good.
Used to scold a misbehaving child or pet.
Not covered by funds on account.
From Middle English bad, badde (“wicked, evil, depraved”), of uncertain origin. Perhaps a shortening of Old English bæddel (“hermaphrodite”) (for loss of -el compare Middle English muche from Old English myċel, and Middle English wenche from Old English wenċel), or at least related to it and/or to bǣ̆dan (“to defile”), compare Old High German pad (“hermaphrodite”). Alternatively, perhaps a loan from Old Norse into Middle English, compare Norwegian bad (“effort, trouble, fear”, neuter noun), East Danish bad (“damage, destruction, fight”, neuter noun), from the Proto-Germanic noun *badą, whence also Proto-Germanic *badōną (“to frighten”), Old Saxon undarbadōn (“to frighten”), Norwegian Nynorsk bada (“to weigh down, press”); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, press, push, oppress”). False cognate of Persian بد (bad).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*bʰedʰ-ine-pro
- Root classification mention*bʰeydʰ-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionbadenm
- Derivation mentionbæddelang
- Cognate mentionpadgoh
- Cognate mentionbadno · effort, trouble, fear
- Cognate mentionbadda · damage, destruction, fight
- Cognate mentionundarbadōnosx · to frighten
- Cognate mentionbadann · to weigh down, press
- Derivation mention*bʰedʰ-ine-pro
- Cognate mentionبدfa
This page abbreviates 19 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
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{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰedʰ-",
"4": "*bʰeydʰ-",
"id1": "bend"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
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},
{
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"3": "bad"
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"expansion": "Middle English bad"
},
{
"name": "unk",
"args": {
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"title": "uncertain"
},
"expansion": "uncertain"
},
{
"name": "der",
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"2": "ang",
"3": "bæddel",
"4": "",
"5": "hermaphrodite"
},
"expansion": "Old English bæddel (“hermaphrodite”)"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "muche"
},
"expansion": "Middle English muche"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
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"2": "myċel"
},
"expansion": "Old English myċel"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
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"2": "wenche"
},
"expansion": "Middle English wenche"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
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"expansion": "Old English wenċel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
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"3": "",
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},
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{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
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"2": "bad",
"pos": "neuter noun",
"t": "effort, trouble, fear"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian bad (“effort, trouble, fear”, neuter noun)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "bad",
"pos": "neuter noun",
"t": "damage, destruction, fight"
},
"expansion": "Danish bad (“damage, destruction, fight”, neuter noun)"
},
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"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*badōną",
"t": "to frighten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *badōną (“to frighten”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "undarbadōn",
"t": "to frighten"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon undarbadōn (“to frighten”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "bada",
"t": "to weigh down, press"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk bada (“to weigh down, press”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰedʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bend, press, push, oppress",
"id": "press"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰedʰ- (“to bend, press, push, oppress”)"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "False cognate"
},
"expansion": "False cognate"
},
{
"name": "cog",
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"1": "fa",
"2": "بد",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "bad",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Persian بد (bad)"
},
{
"name": "fcog",
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "بد",
"tr": "bad"
},
"expansion": "False cognate of Persian بد (bad)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:badde",
"tree": "+"
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"links": [
[
"bad",
"bad#Middle_English"
],
[
"badde",
"badde#Middle_English"
],
[
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"bæddel#Old_English"
],
[
"muche",
"muche#Middle_English"
],
[
"myċel",
"mycel#Old_English"
],
[
"wenche",
"wenche#Middle_English"
],
[
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"wencel#Old_English"
],
[
"bǣ̆dan",
"bædan#Old_English"
],
[
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"pad#Old_High_German"
],
[
"bad",
"bad#Norwegian"
],
[
"bad",
"bad#Danish"
],
[
"*badą",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/badą"
],
[
"*badōną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/badōną"
],
[
"undarbadōn",
"undarbadon#Old_Saxon"
],
[
"bada",
"bada#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"*bʰedʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰedʰ-#Proto-Indo-European:_press"
],
[
"بد",
"بد#Persian"
]
],
"references": [],
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