Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryShoulder.
From Middle English axel, axle, eaxle, from Old English eaxl (“shoulder, armpit”), from Proto-West Germanic *ahslu (“shoulder”), from Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-l-eh₂, from *h₂eḱs- (“axis, axle”). Cognate with Saterland Frisian acsle (“shoulder”), Dutch oksel (“armpit”), German Achsel (“armpit”), Swedish axel (“shoulder”), Latin axilla (“armpit”), Latin axis (“axle”) (whence English axis, atelier, and via Latin āla English ala, aisle), Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn) (whence English axo-, axon), Greek άξονας (áxonas, “axle”), Sanskrit अक्ष (ákṣa, “axle”), Sanskrit कक्ष (kakṣá, “room, armpit”), Russian ось (osʹ, “axle”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*h₂eḱs-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentionaxelenm
- Inherited-form mentioneaxlang
- Inherited-form mention*ahslugmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*ahslōgem-pro
- Cognate mentionacslestq
- Cognate mentionokselnl
- Cognate mentionAchselde
- Cognate mentionaxelsv
- Cognate mentionaxillala
- Cognate mentionaxisla
- Cognate mentionaxisen
- Cognate mentionālala
- Cognate mentionalaen
- Cognate mentionἄξωνgrc
- Cognate mentionaxo-en
- Cognate mentionάξοναςel
- Cognate mentionअक्षsa
- Cognate mentionकक्षsa
- Cognate mentionосьru
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂eḱs-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "axel"
},
"expansion": "Middle English axel"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "eaxl",
"4": "",
"5": "shoulder, armpit"
},
"expansion": "Old English eaxl (“shoulder, armpit”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*ahslu",
"4": "",
"5": "shoulder"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *ahslu (“shoulder”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*ahslō",
"4": "",
"5": "shoulder"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *ahslō (“shoulder”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "",
"4": "*h₂eḱs-l-eh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-l-eh₂"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "acsle",
"3": "",
"4": "shoulder"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian acsle (“shoulder”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "oksel",
"3": "",
"4": "armpit"
},
"expansion": "Dutch oksel (“armpit”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Achsel",
"3": "",
"4": "armpit"
},
"expansion": "German Achsel (“armpit”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "axel",
"3": "",
"4": "shoulder"
},
"expansion": "Swedish axel (“shoulder”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "axilla",
"3": "",
"4": "armpit"
},
"expansion": "Latin axilla (“armpit”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "axis",
"3": "",
"4": "axle"
},
"expansion": "Latin axis (“axle”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "axis"
},
"expansion": "English axis"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "āla"
},
"expansion": "Latin āla"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ala"
},
"expansion": "English ala"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄξων"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄξων (áxōn)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "axo-"
},
"expansion": "English axo-"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "άξονας",
"3": "",
"4": "axle",
"sc": "Grek"
},
"expansion": "Greek άξονας (áxonas, “axle”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "अक्ष",
"3": "",
"4": "axle",
"sc": "Deva",
"tr": "ákṣa"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit अक्ष (ákṣa, “axle”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "कक्ष",
"3": "",
"4": "room, armpit",
"sc": "Deva",
"tr": "kakṣá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit कक्ष (kakṣá, “room, armpit”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "ось",
"3": "",
"4": "axle"
},
"expansion": "Russian ось (osʹ, “axle”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"axel",
"axel#Middle_English"
],
[
"axle",
"axle#Middle_English"
],
[
"eaxle",
"eaxle#Middle_English"
],
[
"eaxl",
"eaxl#Old_English"
],
[
"*ahslu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/ahslu"
],
[
"*ahslō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ahslō"
],
[
"*h₂eḱs-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂eḱs-"
],
[
"acsle",
"acsle#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"oksel",
"oksel#Dutch"
],
[
"Achsel",
"Achsel#German"
],
[
"axel",
"axel#Swedish"
],
[
"axilla",
"axilla#Latin"
],
[
"axis",
"axis#Latin"
],
[
"axis",
"axis#English"
],
[
"atelier",
"atelier#English"
],
[
"āla",
"ala#Latin"
],
[
"ala",
"ala#English"
],
[
"aisle",
"aisle#English"
],
[
"ἄξων",
"ἄξων#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"axo-",
"axo-#English"
],
[
"axon",
"axon#English"
],
[
"άξονας",
"άξονας#Greek"
],
[
"अक्ष",
"अक्ष#Sanskrit"
],
[
"कक्ष",
"कक्ष#Sanskrit"
],
[
"ось",
"ось#Russian"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Shoulder."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
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