Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗second-person singular simple present of be · first-person plural simple present of be · second-person plural simple present of be · third-person plural simple present of be
Etymology tree Proto-Germanic *arun? Old English earon Middle English aren English are From Middle English aren, from Old English (Anglian) earun, earon (“are”, plural). Possibly reinforced by the Old Norse plural forms in er-, this displaced the alternative forms Old English sind and bēoþ. In the second person singular it displaced archaic art. Further etymology controversial: * The English forms, as well as the Old Swedish forms in ær-, could reflect Proto-Germanic preterite-present *ōr ~ *arum, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃e-h₃ór-h₂e (“I have risen”, perfect). * Since they are not the expected outcomes of the Proto-Germanic forms of *wesaną (“to be”) in *iz-, they would have to be irregular alterations. For Seebold this explanation is still preferable as similar variants in other verbs are not uncommon.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 1 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:aren",
"id": "be",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *arun?\nOld English earon\nMiddle English aren\nEnglish are\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"earon\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"aren\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"are\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"be\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"are\" id=\"English:_be\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "aren"
},
"expansion": "Middle English aren"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "earun",
"q": "Anglian"
},
"expansion": "Old English (Anglian) earun"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "sind"
},
"expansion": "Old English sind"
},
{
"name": "unc",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "controversial"
},
"expansion": "controversial"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "preterite-present"
},
"expansion": "preterite-present"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₃er-",
"alt": "*h₃e-h₃ór-h₂e",
"t": "I have risen",
"pos": "perfect"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₃e-h₃ór-h₂e (“I have risen”, perfect)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:aren",
"id": "be",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Germanic *arun?\nOld English earon\nMiddle English aren\nEnglish are"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*arun",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arun"
],
[
"earon",
"earon#Old_English"
],
[
"aren",
"aren#Middle_English"
],
[
"aren",
"aren#Middle_English"
],
[
"earun",
"earun#Old_English"
],
[
"earon",
"earon#Old_English"
],
[
"sind",
"sind#Old_English"
],
[
"bēoþ",
"beoþ#Old_English"
],
[
"art",
"art#English:_you_are"
],
[
"*ōr",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ōr"
],
[
"*arum",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arum"
],
[
"*h₃e-h₃ór-h₂e",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃er-"
],
[
"*wesaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wesaną"
],
[
"*iz-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/iz-"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"second-person singular simple present of be",
"first-person plural simple present of be",
"second-person plural simple present of be",
"third-person plural simple present of be"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular",
"first-person",
"plural",
"third-person"
],
"recordId": "c5736e9e2463058b9a4b266dfcc717422f47ed1da770b78c38d53b98a53e6651",
"rawRecordSha256": "bf661bea91d24cd739775981228f2e3a205e2e1d6471eccd3f395b33142c30f7",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 5760
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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}