Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗To make (something) appear like an apple (noun sense 1.1). · To become like an apple. · To collect fir-cones. · Of a flower bud or vegetable (especially a root vegetable): to grow into the shape of an apple.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl Proto-Germanic *aplaz Proto-West Germanic *applu Old English æppel Middle English appel English apple The noun is derived from Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden”), from Old English æppel (“apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball”), from Proto-West Germanic *applu (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple; any type of fruit”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl, *h₂ébl̥ (“apple”). more As regards noun sense 1.4 (“forbidden fruit”), the type of fruit eaten by Adam and Eve is not identified in the Book of Genesis in the Bible. It may have come to be identified with the apple because of the similarity between Latin mālum (“apple”) and malum (“evil; misery, torment; wrongdoing”). The inheritance from Germanic is clear, but the etymology of the word beyond that point is uncertain and disputed. The word may show a borrowing from a non-Indo-European language, or the forms in Germanic, Celtic, Baltic, and Slavonic may all be developed from a common Indo-European base—although none of the attempts to identify cognates in other branches of Indo-European have yet met with general acceptance. In Old English, the word originally followed the strong masculine u-stem declension, but even in early texts it shows a shift toward the more common a-stem declension (compare the nominative plural æppla beside the rare æpplas; see further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §613). A possible weak by-form is also suggested by the genitive plural æpplena (instead of the expected æppla) in an isolated attestation from the first half of the 11th century. Among the variant forms, the β forms show metanalysis (see Metanalysis). The verb is derived from the noun. cognates Cognate with: * Old Frisian appel, Middle Dutch appel (Dutch appel), Old Saxon appul (Middle Low German appel), Old High German apful, aphul, aphel, apfel (Middle High German apfel, German Apfel), * Old Norse epli (Icelandic epli, Faroese epli, Norwegian Bokmål eple, Norwegian Nynorsk eple, Swedish äpple, Danish æble), * Elfdalian epple, Jamtish eppel, Scanian æple, * Crimean Gothic apel, * Gaulish avallo, aballo- (perhaps > Latin acerabulus), * Old Irish abal, ubal, ubul (Irish úll), * Old Welsh afall, afal (Welsh afal, afall), * Old Prussian woble, wobalne, * Lithuanian obelis, obuolys, * Latvian ābele, ābols, ābolis, * Old Church Slavonic jablanĭ, * Old East Slavic jabolon′, jablŭko (Russian яблоня (jablonja), яблоко (jabloko)), * Old Polish jabłoń, jabłko (Polish jabłoń, jabłko). Possibly also Latin Abella (town in Campania; compare Virgil Aeneid 7.740 maliferae ... moenia Abellae 'the walls of apple-bearing Abella').
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionappelenm · Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden
- Inherited-form mentionæppelang · apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball
- Inherited-form mention*applugmw-pro · apple; any type of fruit
- Inherited-form mention*aplazgem-pro · apple; any type of fruit
- Inherited-form mention*h₂ébōline-pro
- Cognate mentionappelofs
- Cognate mentionappeldum
- Cognate mentionappelnl
- Cognate mentionappulosx
- Cognate mentionappelgml
- Cognate mentionapfulgoh
- Cognate mentionapfelgmh
- Cognate mentionApfelde
- Cognate mentioneplinon
- Cognate mentionepliis
- Cognate mentioneplifo
- Cognate mentioneplenb
- Cognate mentioneplenn
- Cognate mentionäpplesv
- Cognate mentionæbleda
- Cognate mentioneppleovd
- Cognate mentioneppelgmq-jmk
- Cognate mentionæplegmq-scy
- Cognate mentionapelgme-cgo
- Cognate mentionavallocel-gau
- Cognate mentionacerabulusla
- Cognate mentionabalsga
- Cognate mentionúllga
- Cognate mentionafallowl
- Cognate mentionafalcy
- Cognate mentionwobleprg
- Cognate mentionobelislt
- Cognate mentionābelelv
- Cognate mentionабланьcu
- Cognate mentionꙗблоньorv
- Cognate mentionяблоняru
- Cognate mentionjabłońzlw-opl
- Cognate mentionjabłońpl
- Cognate mentionAbellala
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:appel<id:apple>",
"id": "fruit",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl\nProto-Germanic *aplaz\nProto-West Germanic *applu\nOld English æppel\nMiddle English appel\nEnglish apple\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*aplaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*applu\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"æppel\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"appel\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"apple\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"fruit\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"apple\" id=\"English:_fruit\">"
},
{
"name": "senseno",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Q89"
},
"expansion": "noun sense 1.1"
},
{
"name": "senseno",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "apple tree"
},
"expansion": "noun sense 2"
},
{
"name": "circa2",
"args": {
"1": "1560",
"short": "1"
},
"expansion": "c. 1560"
},
{
"name": "ref",
"args": {
"1": "From the collection of the Malmö Art Museum in Malmö, Scania, Sweden.",
"group": "n",
"name": "n1"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "senseno",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "forbidden fruit"
},
"expansion": "noun sense 1.4"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "appel",
"t": "Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden"
},
"expansion": "Middle English appel (“Malus domestica fruit or tree, apple; any type of fruit, nut, or tuber; tree bearing fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; (Christianity) forbidden fruit in Eden”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "æppel",
"t": "apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball"
},
"expansion": "Old English æppel (“apple; any type of fruit; (figurative) ball, sphere; eyeball”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*applu",
"t": "apple; any type of fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *applu (“apple; any type of fruit”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*aplaz",
"t": "apple; any type of fruit"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *aplaz (“apple; any type of fruit”)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂ébōl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "1",
"2": "more"
},
"expansion": "more"
},
{
"name": "senseno",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "forbidden fruit",
"t": "forbidden fruit"
},
"expansion": "noun sense 1.4 (“forbidden fruit”)"
},
{
"name": "noncog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "mālum",
"t": "apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin mālum (“apple”)"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cognates"
},
"expansion": "cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "appel"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian appel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "appel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch appel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "appel"
},
"expansion": "Dutch appel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "appul"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon appul"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "appel"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German appel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "apful"
},
"expansion": "Old High German apful"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "apfel"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German apfel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Apfel"
},
"expansion": "German Apfel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "epli"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse epli"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "epli"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic epli"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "epli"
},
"expansion": "Faroese epli"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "eple"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål eple"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "eple"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk eple"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "äpple"
},
"expansion": "Swedish äpple"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "æble"
},
"expansion": "Danish æble"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ovd",
"2": "epple"
},
"expansion": "Elfdalian epple"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmq-jmk",
"2": "eppel"
},
"expansion": "Jamtish eppel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmq-scy",
"2": "æple"
},
"expansion": "Scanian æple"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gme-cgo",
"2": "apel"
},
"expansion": "Crimean Gothic apel"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "avallo"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish avallo"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "acerabulus"
},
"expansion": "Latin acerabulus"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "abal"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish abal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "úll"
},
"expansion": "Irish úll"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "owl",
"2": "afall"
},
"expansion": "Old Welsh afall"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "afal"
},
"expansion": "Welsh afal"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "woble"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian woble"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "obelis"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian obelis"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ābele"
},
"expansion": "Latvian ābele"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "аблань",
"3": "jablanĭ"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic jablanĭ"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "ꙗблонь",
"3": "jabolon′"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic jabolon′"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "яблоня"
},
"expansion": "Russian яблоня (jablonja)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "jabłoń"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish jabłoń"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "jabłoń"
},
"expansion": "Polish jabłoń"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "Abella"
},
"expansion": "Latin Abella"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:appel<id:apple>",
"id": "fruit",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ébōl\nProto-Germanic *aplaz\nProto-West Germanic *applu\nOld English æppel\nMiddle English appel\nEnglish apple"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*h₂ébōl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ébōl#Proto-Indo-European:_apple"
],
[
"*aplaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz#Proto-Germanic:_apple"
],
[
"*applu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/applu#Proto-West_Germanic:_apple"
],
[
"æppel",
"æppel#Old_English:_apple"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Middle_English:_apple"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Middle_English"
],
[
"æppel",
"æppel#Old_English"
],
[
"*applu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/applu"
],
[
"*aplaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aplaz"
],
[
"*h₂ébōl",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ébōl"
],
[
"*h₂ébl̥",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ébl̥"
],
[
"Bible",
"Bible"
],
[
"mālum",
"malum#Latin"
],
[
"malum",
"malum#Latin"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Old_Frisian"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Dutch"
],
[
"appul",
"appul#Old_Saxon"
],
[
"appel",
"appel#Middle_Low_German"
],
[
"apful",
"apful#Old_High_German"
],
[
"aphul",
"aphul#Old_High_German"
],
[
"aphel",
"aphel#Old_High_German"
],
[
"apfel",
"apfel#Old_High_German"
],
[
"apfel",
"apfel#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"Apfel",
"Apfel#German"
],
[
"epli",
"epli#Old_Norse"
],
[
"epli",
"epli#Icelandic"
],
[
"epli",
"epli#Faroese"
],
[
"eple",
"eple#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"eple",
"eple#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"äpple",
"äpple#Swedish"
],
[
"æble",
"æble#Danish"
],
[
"epple",
"epple#Elfdalian"
],
[
"eppel",
"eppel#Jamtish"
],
[
"æple",
"æple#Scanian"
],
[
"apel",
"apel#Crimean_Gothic"
],
[
"avallo",
"avallo#Gaulish"
],
[
"aballo-",
"aballo-#Gaulish"
],
[
"acerabulus",
"acerabulus#Latin"
],
[
"abal",
"abal#Old_Irish"
],
[
"ubal",
"ubal#Old_Irish"
],
[
"ubul",
"ubul#Old_Irish"
],
[
"úll",
"úll#Irish"
],
[
"afall",
"afall#Old_Welsh"
],
[
"afal",
"afal#Old_Welsh"
],
[
"afal",
"afal#Welsh"
],
[
"afall",
"afall#Welsh"
],
[
"woble",
"woble#Old_Prussian"
],
[
"wobalne",
"wobalne#Old_Prussian"
],
[
"obelis",
"obelis#Lithuanian"
],
[
"obuolys",
"obuolys#Lithuanian"
],
[
"ābele",
"ābele#Latvian"
],
[
"ābols",
"ābols#Latvian"
],
[
"ābolis",
"ābolis#Latvian"
],
[
"jablanĭ",
"аблань#Old_Church_Slavonic"
],
[
"jabolon′",
"ꙗблонь#Old_East_Slavic"
],
[
"jablŭko",
"ꙗблъко#Old_East_Slavic"
],
[
"яблоня",
"яблоня#Russian"
],
[
"яблоко",
"яблоко#Russian"
],
[
"jabłoń",
"jabłoń#Old_Polish"
],
[
"jabłko",
"jabłko#Old_Polish"
],
[
"jabłoń",
"jabłoń#Polish"
],
[
"jabłko",
"jabłko#Polish"
],
[
"Abella",
"Abella#Latin"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "verb",
"glosses": [
"To make (something) appear like an apple (noun sense 1.1).",
"To become like an apple.",
"To collect fir-cones.",
"Of a flower bud or vegetable (especially a root vegetable): to grow into the shape of an apple."
],
"tags": [
"transitive",
"intransitive",
"UK",
"dialectal",
"rare"
],
"recordId": "e7da4a4d997843f1978aa66720e8695c03a7d72b0634121418c6c2d3dea19f5d",
"rawRecordSha256": "fbeaa13985fa25a32865c561cf39969d2352d7d94f90055fc97f14392c98f11b",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 7482
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
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}