Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗adv
Directly overhead; vertically on top of. · Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go. · Into or from heaven; in the sky. · In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream.
noun
Heaven. · Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page. · Higher authority. · Betterment, raised status or condition.
prep
Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing. · In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface. · Farther north than. · Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise.
adj
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryOf heaven; heavenly. · Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ud-s-? Proto-Indo-European *h₂u-s-? Proto-Germanic *uz- Proto-West Germanic *uʀ- Old English ar- Old English ā- Proto-West Germanic *bi- Proto-Indo-European *upó Proto-Germanic *ub Proto-Germanic *-anē Proto-Germanic *ubanē Proto-West Germanic *obanā Proto-West Germanic *biobanā Old English bufan Old English abūfan Middle English aboven English above From Middle English above, aboven, abuven, from Old English ābufan, onbufan, from on (“on”) + bufan (“over”), (akin to Icelandic ofan (“from above”), Middle Dutch bōven, Old Frisian bova, Middle High German bobene) from bī (“by”) + ufan (“over”); also cognate with Danish oven, Dutch boven, German oben, Swedish ovan, Old Saxon oƀan, Old High German obana. The preposition, the adjective, and the noun derive from the adverb.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 13 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:aboven",
"id": "over",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ud-s-?\nProto-Indo-European *h₂u-s-?\nProto-Germanic *uz-\nProto-West Germanic *uʀ-\nOld English ar-\nOld English ā-\nProto-West Germanic *bi-\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Germanic *ub\nProto-Germanic *-anē\nProto-Germanic *ubanē\nProto-West Germanic *obanā\nProto-West Germanic *biobanā\nOld English bufan\nOld English abūfan\nMiddle English aboven\nEnglish above\n[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*uz-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*uʀ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ar-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"ā-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bi-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adverb\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*upó\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ub\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-anē\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*ubanē\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*obanā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*biobanā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bufan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"abūfan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"aboven\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"above\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"over\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"above\" id=\"English:_over\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "above"
},
"expansion": "Middle English above"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ābufan"
},
"expansion": "Old English ābufan"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "ofan",
"3": "",
"4": "from above"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic ofan (“from above”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "bōven"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch bōven"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "bova"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian bova"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "bobene"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German bobene"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "oven"
},
"expansion": "Danish oven"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "boven"
},
"expansion": "Dutch boven"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "oben"
},
"expansion": "German oben"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ovan"
},
"expansion": "Swedish ovan"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "oban",
"3": "oƀan"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon oƀan"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "obana"
},
"expansion": "Old High German obana"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:aboven",
"id": "over",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ud-s-?\nProto-Indo-European *h₂u-s-?\nProto-Germanic *uz-\nProto-West Germanic *uʀ-\nOld English ar-\nOld English ā-\nProto-West Germanic *bi-\nProto-Indo-European *upó\nProto-Germanic *ub\nProto-Germanic *-anē\nProto-Germanic *ubanē\nProto-West Germanic *obanā\nProto-West Germanic *biobanā\nOld English bufan\nOld English abūfan\nMiddle English aboven\nEnglish above"
}
],
"links": [
[
"circle",
"circle#Noun"
],
[
"square",
"square#Noun"
],
[
"*ud-s-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úd"
],
[
"*h₂u-s-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ew"
],
[
"*uz-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/uz-"
],
[
"*uʀ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/uʀ-"
],
[
"ar-",
"ar-#Old_English"
],
[
"ā-",
"a-#Old_English"
],
[
"*bi-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/bi-"
],
[
"*upó",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/upó#Proto-Indo-European:_adverb"
],
[
"*ub",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ub"
],
[
"*-anē",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-anē"
],
[
"*ubanē",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ubanē"
],
[
"*obanā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/obanā"
],
[
"*biobanā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/biobanā"
],
[
"bufan",
"bufan#Old_English"
],
[
"abūfan",
"abufan#Old_English"
],
[
"aboven",
"aboven#Middle_English"
],
[
"above",
"above#Middle_English"
],
[
"aboven",
"aboven#Middle_English"
],
[
"abuven",
"abuven#Middle_English"
],
[
"ābufan",
"abufan#Old_English"
],
[
"onbufan",
"onbufan#Old_English"
],
[
"on",
"on#Old_English"
],
[
"bufan",
"bufan#Old_English"
],
[
"ofan",
"ofan#Icelandic"
],
[
"bōven",
"boven#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"bova",
"bova#Old_Frisian"
],
[
"bobene",
"bobene#Middle_High_German"
],
[
"bī",
"bi#Old_English"
],
[
"ufan",
"ufan#Old_English"
],
[
"oven",
"oven#Danish"
],
[
"boven",
"boven#Dutch"
],
[
"oben",
"oben#German"
],
[
"ovan",
"ovan#Swedish"
],
[
"oƀan",
"oban#Old_Saxon"
],
[
"obana",
"obana#Old_High_German"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adv",
"glosses": [
"Directly overhead; vertically on top of.",
"Higher in the same page; earlier in the order as far as writing products go.",
"Into or from heaven; in the sky.",
"In a higher place; upstairs; farther upstream."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"recordId": "0988eba17329b9dcb8e399cf917c20ecf839eb9813c78d64e8fee71dcea45c2c",
"rawRecordSha256": "23cd0dbbec72792555fcf587658d81407a07b8b7eec937245a870718c5399557",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 1943
},
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"Heaven.",
"Something, especially a person's name in legal documents, that appears higher on the same page or on a preceding page.",
"Higher authority.",
"Betterment, raised status or condition."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable",
"archaic"
],
"recordId": "6961047a5467edd9ff2cc8a4e7a26a46fe30acde79e85ab3da5edcf2f47943f5",
"rawRecordSha256": "52afc0276cc44623b3c311e0a6e5f75fb586d617e72a351155315a9c656a4ba2",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 1945
},
{
"pos": "prep",
"glosses": [
"Physically over; on top of; worn on top of, said of clothing.",
"In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface.",
"Farther north than.",
"Rising; appearing out of reach height-wise."
],
"tags": [],
"recordId": "7e08c339ccc40991694dfb657251c977d48f89ad81bf39ff966f8d0e2706842d",
"rawRecordSha256": "973227bf83b32a3afa7bdf6f319016c5a69e042305550348b9f988936a51e28e",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 1942
},
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Of heaven; heavenly.",
"Being located higher on the same page or on a preceding page."
],
"tags": [
"not-comparable"
],
"recordId": "a977ddc921f4fa6c3909806cce8d3d9ab3ccde88614571457a6399d9a080e577",
"rawRecordSha256": "2505010815bd96955a9550d0b13039e353fdd022263e82ed57827f014ca1ee1b",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 1944
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 13,
"glosses": 0
}
}