Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗noun
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryAn inspection or examination. · A control; a limit or stop. · A situation in which the king is directly threatened by an opposing piece. · A mark (especially a checkmark: ✓) used as an indicator.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *tek- Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati Proto-Iranian *xšáyati Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ) Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/) Classical Persian شاه (šāh)bor. Medieval Latin scaccusder. Old French eschecbor. Middle English chek English check From Middle English chek, chekke, borrowed from Old French eschec, eschek, eschac, from Medieval Latin scaccus, borrowed from Arabic شَاه (šāh, “king or check at chess, shah”), borrowed from Classical Persian شَاه (šāh, “king”), from Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/), from Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”). Compare Saterland Frisian Schak, Schach, Dutch schaak, German Schach, Danish skak, Swedish schack, Icelandic skák, French échec, Italian scacco. Doublet of chess and shah (“king of Persia or Iran”), from the same source, as well as thig, which derives from the Germanic cognate. All of the English senses developed from the chess sense.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mentionchek,chekkeenm
- Derivation mentioneschec,eschek,eschacfro
- Derivation mentionشَاهar
- Derivation mention𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠pal
- Derivation mention𐏋peo
- Derivation mention*kšáyatiiir-pro
- Derivation mention*tek-ine-pro
- Cognate mentionSchakstq
- Cognate mentionschaaknl
- Cognate mentionSchachde
- Cognate mentionskakda
- Cognate mentionschacksv
- Cognate mentionskákis
- Cognate mentionéchecfr
- Cognate mentionscaccoit
This page abbreviates 9 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:chek",
"id": "noun",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *tek-\nProto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati\nProto-Iranian *xšáyati\nOld Persian 𐏋 (XŠ)\nMiddle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/)\nClassical Persian شاه (šāh)bor.\nMedieval Latin scaccusder.\nOld French eschecbor.\nMiddle English chek\nEnglish check\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"king\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"king\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"king\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"receive\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*tek-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-Iranian\", \"term\" : \"*kšáyati\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"iir-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Iranian\", \"term\" : \"*xšáyati\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ira-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old Persian\", \"term\" : \"𐏋\", \"lang\" : \"peo\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"transcription\" : \"šāh\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle Persian\", \"term\" : \"𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠\", \"lang\" : \"pal\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"transliteration\" : \"šāh\", \"lang_name\" : \"Classical Persian\", \"term\" : \"شاه\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fa-cls\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"scaccus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"eschec\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"chek\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"check\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"noun\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"check\" id=\"English:_noun\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "chek,chekke"
},
"expansion": "Middle English chek, chekke"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "eschec,eschek,eschac"
},
"expansion": "Old French eschec, eschek, eschac"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "scaccus"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin scaccus"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ar",
"3": "شَاه",
"4": "",
"5": "king or check at chess, shah"
},
"expansion": "Arabic شَاه (šāh, “king or check at chess, shah”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fa-cls",
"3": "شَاه",
"4": "",
"5": "king"
},
"expansion": "Classical Persian شَاه (šāh, “king”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "pal",
"3": "𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠",
"ts": "šāh"
},
"expansion": "Middle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "peo",
"3": "𐏋",
"4": "",
"5": "king",
"ts": "xšāyaθiya"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian 𐏋 (XŠ /xšāyaθiya/, “king”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "iir-pro",
"3": "*kšáyati",
"4": "",
"5": "he rules, he has power over"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati (“he rules, he has power over”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*tek-",
"4": "",
"5": "to gain power over, gain control over"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *tek- (“to gain power over, gain control over”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "Schak"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian Schak"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "schaak"
},
"expansion": "Dutch schaak"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Schach"
},
"expansion": "German Schach"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "skak"
},
"expansion": "Danish skak"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "schack"
},
"expansion": "Swedish schack"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "skák"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic skák"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "échec"
},
"expansion": "French échec"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "scacco"
},
"expansion": "Italian scacco"
},
{
"name": "dbt",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "chess",
"3": "shah<t:king of Persia or Iran>"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of chess and shah (“king of Persia or Iran”)"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:chek",
"id": "noun",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *tek-\nProto-Indo-Iranian *kšáyati\nProto-Iranian *xšáyati\nOld Persian 𐏋 (XŠ)\nMiddle Persian 𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠 (mlkʾ /šāh/)\nClassical Persian شاه (šāh)bor.\nMedieval Latin scaccusder.\nOld French eschecbor.\nMiddle English chek\nEnglish check"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*tek-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tek-#Proto-Indo-European:_receive"
],
[
"*kšáyati",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kšáyati"
],
[
"*xšáyati",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/xšáyati"
],
[
"𐏋",
"𐏋#Old_Persian:_king"
],
[
"𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠",
"𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠#Middle_Persian:_king"
],
[
"شاه",
"شاه#Persian"
],
[
"scaccus",
"scaccus#Latin"
],
[
"eschec",
"eschec#Old_French"
],
[
"chek",
"chek#Middle_English"
],
[
"chek",
"chek#Middle_English"
],
[
"chekke",
"chekke#Middle_English"
],
[
"eschec",
"eschec#Old_French"
],
[
"eschek",
"eschek#Old_French"
],
[
"eschac",
"eschac#Old_French"
],
[
"scaccus",
"scaccus#Latin"
],
[
"شَاه",
"شاه#Arabic"
],
[
"شَاه",
"شاه#Persian"
],
[
"𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠",
"𐭬𐭫𐭪𐭠#Middle_Persian"
],
[
"𐏋",
"𐏋#Old_Persian"
],
[
"*kšáyati",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/kšáyati"
],
[
"*tek-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tek-"
],
[
"Schak",
"Schak#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"Schach",
"Schach#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"schaak",
"schaak#Dutch"
],
[
"Schach",
"Schach#German"
],
[
"skak",
"skak#Danish"
],
[
"schack",
"schack#Swedish"
],
[
"skák",
"skák#Icelandic"
],
[
"échec",
"échec#French"
],
[
"scacco",
"scacco#Italian"
],
[
"chess",
"chess#English"
],
[
"shah",
"shah#English"
],
[
"thig",
"thig#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "cek¹"
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "tjek",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "Check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"word": "チェック",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "chekku"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"word": "sjekk",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "check",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Ulithian",
"lang_code": "uli",
"word": "cheek",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "noun",
"glosses": [
"An inspection or examination.",
"A control; a limit or stop.",
"A situation in which the king is directly threatened by an opposing piece.",
"A mark (especially a checkmark: ✓) used as an indicator."
],
"tags": [
"US"
],
"recordId": "534b4280f2139d61c8045136f7cf70d3fa383324cce698be8e89f7091af8a3a2",
"rawRecordSha256": "b7bc02dcc067c7249b4e6ea304523ad44020fc3d065c1956a585db42def08e62",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 155692
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 9,
"glosses": 0
}
}