Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗adj
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryHaving a low temperature. · Causing the air to be cold. · Feeling the sensation of coldness, especially to the point of discomfort. · Unfriendly; emotionally distant or unfeeling.
Inherited from Middle English cold, from Anglian Old English cald. The West Saxon form, ċeald (“cold”), survived as early Middle English cheald, cheld, or chald. Both descended from Proto-West Germanic *kald, from Proto-Germanic *kaldaz (“cold”), a participle form of *kalaną (“to be cold, to freeze”), from Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to be cold, to freeze”). Cognates Cognate with Scots cauld (“cold”), Saterland Frisian koold (“cold”), West Frisian kâld (“cold”), Alemannic German chalt, choalt, cholt, chélte (“cold”), Bavarian ckolt, kholt, koid, kòlt (“cold”), Central Franconian kalt (“cold”), Cimbrian kalt, khalt (“cold”), Dutch koud (“cold”), German kalt (“cold”), Low German kold, koolt (“cold”), Luxembourgish kal (“cold”), Mòcheno khòlt, kòlt (“cold”), Vilamovian kāłt (“cold”), Yiddish קאַלט (kalt, “cold”), Danish kold (“cold”), Faroese and Icelandic kaldur (“cold”), Norwegian Bokmål kald (“cold”), Norwegian Nynorsk kald, kald’u (“cold”), Swedish kall (“cold”), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds, “cold”); also Latin gelū, gelum, gelus (“frost; chill, cold”), Belarusian хо́лад (xólad, “cold”), Bulgarian хлад (hlad, “chill, coolness”), Czech chlad (“cold”), Macedonian лад (lad, “shade; coolness”), Polish chłód (“cold”), Russian and Ukrainian хо́лод (xólod, “cold”), Serbo-Croatian хла̑д, hlȃd (“shade”), Sanskrit जड (jaḍa, “cold; stiff”), जल (jala, “water”). Related to cool.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*gel-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mentioncoldenm
- Inherited-form mention*kaldgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*kaldazgem-pro · cold
- Derivation mention*gel-ine-pro · to be cold, to freeze
- Cognate mentioncauldsco · cold
- Cognate mentionkooldstq · cold
- Cognate mentionkâldfy · cold
- Cognate mentionchaltgsw
- Cognate mentionckoltbar
- Cognate mentionkaltgmw-cfr · cold
- Cognate mentionkaltcim
- Cognate mentionkoudnl · cold
- Cognate mentionkaltde · cold
- Cognate mentionkoldnds
- Cognate mentionkallb · cold
- Cognate mentionkhòltmhn
- Cognate mentionkāłtwym · cold
- Cognate mentionקאַלטyi · cold
- Cognate mentionkoldda · cold
- Cognate mentionkaldnb · cold
- Cognate mentionkaldnn
- Cognate mentionkallsv · cold
- Cognate mention𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃got · cold
- Cognate mentiongelūla
- Cognate mentionхо́ладbe · cold
- Cognate mentionхладbg · chill, coolness
- Cognate mentionchladcs · cold
- Cognate mentionладmk · shade; coolness
- Cognate mentionchłódpl · cold
- Cognate mentionхла̑дsh
- Cognate mentionजडsa · cold; stiff
This page abbreviates 18 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cold",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English cold"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English cold"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang-ang",
"3": "cald"
},
"expansion": "Anglian Old English cald"
},
{
"name": ",",
"args": {},
"expansion": ","
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kald"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kald"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*kaldaz",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *kaldaz (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*gel-",
"t": "to be cold, to freeze"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *gel- (“to be cold, to freeze”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "cauld",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Scots cauld (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "koold",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian koold (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "kâld",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian kâld (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gsw",
"2": "chalt"
},
"expansion": "Alemannic German chalt"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "bar",
"2": "ckolt"
},
"expansion": "Bavarian ckolt"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "kalt",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian kalt (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "kalt"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian kalt"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "koud",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Dutch koud (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "kalt",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "German kalt (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kold"
},
"expansion": "Low German kold"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "kal",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Luxembourgish kal (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "mhn",
"2": "khòlt"
},
"expansion": "Mòcheno khòlt"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "wym",
"2": "kāłt",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Vilamovian kāłt (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "קאַלט",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish קאַלט (kalt, “cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kold",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Danish kold (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fo,is",
"2": "kaldur",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Faroese and Icelandic kaldur (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "kald",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål kald (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "kald"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Nynorsk kald"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kall",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kall (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds, “cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "gelū"
},
"expansion": "Latin gelū"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "хо́лад",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian хо́лад (xólad, “cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "хлад",
"t": "chill, coolness"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian хлад (hlad, “chill, coolness”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "chlad",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Czech chlad (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "лад",
"t": "shade; coolness"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian лад (lad, “shade; coolness”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "chłód",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Polish chłód (“cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "ru,uk",
"2": "хо́лод",
"t": "cold"
},
"expansion": "Russian and Ukrainian хо́лод (xólod, “cold”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "хла̑д"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian хла̑д"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "जड",
"t": "cold; stiff"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit जड (jaḍa, “cold; stiff”)"
}
],
"links": [
[
"cold",
"cold#Middle_English"
],
[
"cald",
"cald#Old_English"
],
[
"ċeald",
"ceald#Old_English"
],
[
"cheald",
"cheald#Middle_English"
],
[
"cheld",
"cheld#Middle_English"
],
[
"chald",
"chald#Middle_English"
],
[
"*kald",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/kald"
],
[
"*kaldaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldaz"
],
[
"*kalaną",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalaną"
],
[
"*gel-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gel-"
],
[
"cauld",
"cauld#Scots"
],
[
"koold",
"koold#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"kâld",
"kâld#West_Frisian"
],
[
"chalt",
"chalt#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"choalt",
"choalt#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"cholt",
"cholt#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"chélte",
"chélte#Alemannic_German"
],
[
"ckolt",
"ckolt#Bavarian"
],
[
"kholt",
"kholt#Bavarian"
],
[
"koid",
"koid#Bavarian"
],
[
"kòlt",
"kòlt#Bavarian"
],
[
"kalt",
"kalt#Central_Franconian"
],
[
"kalt",
"kalt#Cimbrian"
],
[
"khalt",
"khalt#Cimbrian"
],
[
"koud",
"koud#Dutch"
],
[
"kalt",
"kalt#German"
],
[
"kold",
"kold#Low_German"
],
[
"koolt",
"koolt#Low_German"
],
[
"kal",
"kal#Luxembourgish"
],
[
"khòlt",
"khòlt#Mòcheno"
],
[
"kòlt",
"kòlt#Mòcheno"
],
[
"kāłt",
"kāłt#Vilamovian"
],
[
"קאַלט",
"קאַלט#Yiddish"
],
[
"kold",
"kold#Danish"
],
[
"Faroese",
"kaldur#Faroese"
],
[
"kaldur",
"kaldur#Icelandic"
],
[
"kald",
"kald#Norwegian_Bokmål"
],
[
"kald",
"kald#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"kald’u",
"kald’u#Norwegian_Nynorsk"
],
[
"kall",
"kall#Swedish"
],
[
"𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃",
"𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"gelū",
"gelu#Latin"
],
[
"gelum",
"gelum#Latin"
],
[
"gelus",
"gelus#Latin"
],
[
"хо́лад",
"холад#Belarusian"
],
[
"хлад",
"хлад#Bulgarian"
],
[
"chlad",
"chlad#Czech"
],
[
"лад",
"лад#Macedonian"
],
[
"chłód",
"chłód#Polish"
],
[
"Russian",
"холод#Russian"
],
[
"хо́лод",
"холод#Ukrainian"
],
[
"хла̑д",
"хлад#Serbo-Croatian"
],
[
"hlȃd",
"hlad#Serbo-Croatian"
],
[
"जड",
"जड#Sanskrit"
],
[
"जल",
"जल#Sanskrit"
],
[
"cool",
"cool#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"lang_code": "srn",
"word": "kowru",
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aukan",
"lang_code": "djk",
"word": "koo"
}
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "adj",
"glosses": [
"Having a low temperature.",
"Causing the air to be cold.",
"Feeling the sensation of coldness, especially to the point of discomfort.",
"Unfriendly; emotionally distant or unfeeling."
],
"tags": [],
"recordId": "ce2a4393efc3e9c670dea795d00f6aca2b35d024d3464d86fe536a7be3dde312",
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"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
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"links": 0,
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"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 18,
"glosses": 0
}
}