Unnumbered source etymology
Original entry ↗suffix
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryForming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in "backward", "toward", "forward", etc. · Forming adjectives, as in "a backward look", "the northward road", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *wert-der. Proto-Germanic *wardaz Old English -weard English -ward From Old English -weard, from Proto-Germanic *wardaz, earlier *warþaz (“turned toward, in the direction of, facing”); compare -wards, from -weardes. Cognate with Dutch -waarts, Low German -warts, German -wärts, Old Norse -verðr, Icelandic -verðr, Swedish -vart, Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs), Latin vertere (“to turn”) or versus (“toward”), and Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”). Also related to worth (“to become”). Compare verse.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Root classification mention*wert-ine-pro
- Inherited-form mention-weardang
- Inherited-form mention*wardazgem-pro
- Cognate mention-waartsnl
- Cognate mention-wartsnds
- Cognate mention-wärtsde
- Cognate mention-verðrnon
- Cognate mention-verðris
- Cognate mention-vartsv
- Cognate mention-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃got
- Cognate mentionverterela
- Cognate mentionवर्ततेsa
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
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"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-weard",
"tree": "1"
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*wert-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*wardaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-weard\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ward\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ward\">"
},
{
"name": "root",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wert-"
},
"expansion": ""
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-weard",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -weard"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*wardaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *wardaz"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-waarts"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -waarts"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-warts"
},
"expansion": "Low German -warts"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-wärts"
},
"expansion": "German -wärts"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -verðr"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-verðr"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -verðr"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-vart"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -vart"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 (-wairþs)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "vertere",
"3": "",
"4": "to turn"
},
"expansion": "Latin vertere (“to turn”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "वर्तते",
"3": "",
"4": "he turns",
"tr": "vártate"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit वर्तते (vártate, “he turns”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-weard",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *wert-der.\nProto-Germanic *wardaz\nOld English -weard\nEnglish -ward"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*wert-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wert-"
],
[
"*wardaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardaz#Proto-Germanic:_turn"
],
[
"-weard",
"-weard#Old_English"
],
[
"-weard",
"-weard#Old_English"
],
[
"*wardaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wardaz"
],
[
"*warþaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warþaz"
],
[
"-wards",
"-wards#English"
],
[
"-weardes",
"-weardes#Old_English"
],
[
"-waarts",
"-waarts#Dutch"
],
[
"-warts",
"-warts#Low_German"
],
[
"-wärts",
"-wärts#German"
],
[
"-verðr",
"-verðr#Old_Norse"
],
[
"-verðr",
"-verðr#Icelandic"
],
[
"-vart",
"-vart#Swedish"
],
[
"-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃",
"-𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"vertere",
"vertere#Latin"
],
[
"versus",
"versus#Latin"
],
[
"वर्तते",
"वर्तते#Sanskrit"
],
[
"worth",
"worth#English"
],
[
"verse",
"verse#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "suffix",
"glosses": [
"Forming adverbs denoting course or direction to, or motion or tendency toward, as in \"backward\", \"toward\", \"forward\", etc.",
"Forming adjectives, as in \"a backward look\", \"the northward road\", etc; used even by speakers who usually use -wards for adverbs."
],
"tags": [
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