Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗suffix
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryUsed to form regular plurals of nouns. · Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms). · Forms names of sciences and fields of studies from adjectives (See Usage notes) · When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures.
Inherited from Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south, replacing the usual southern plural ending -en. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mention-senm
- Inherited-form mention-asang
- Inherited-form mention*-ōsgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*-ōsgem-pro
- Inherited-form mention*-esine-pro
- Cognate mention-ssco
- Cognate mention-sstq
- Cognate mention-sfy
- Cognate mention-snl
- Cognate mention-snds
- Cognate mention-erda
- Cognate mention-rsv
- Cognate mention-aris
- Cognate mention-𐍉𐍃got
- Cognate mention-erde
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-es<id:plural>",
"id": "plural"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"thematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ms\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-oms\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-anz\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"accusative plural\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂m̥s\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ōs\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-as\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-es\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-s\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"plural\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-s\" id=\"English:_plural\">"
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English -s"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-s"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English -s"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-as"
},
"expansion": "Old English -as"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōs"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-es"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Scots -s (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -s (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -s (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Low German -s (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Danish -er (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-r"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -r"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ar",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ar (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍉𐍃",
"pos": "nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "German -er (plural ending)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-es<id:plural>",
"id": "plural"
},
"expansion": ""
}
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Middle_English"
],
[
"-es",
"-es#Middle_English"
],
[
"-as",
"-as#Old_English"
],
[
"*-ōs",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ōs"
],
[
"*-ōs",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōs"
],
[
"*‑ōz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōz"
],
[
"*-es",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-es"
],
[
"*-oes",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-oes"
],
[
"-en",
"-en#English:_plural"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Scots"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#West_Frisian"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Dutch"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Low_German"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Danish"
],
[
"-r",
"-r#Swedish"
],
[
"-ar",
"-ar#Swedish"
],
[
"-or",
"-or#Swedish"
],
[
"-ar",
"-ar#Icelandic"
],
[
"-𐍉𐍃",
"-𐍉𐍃#Gothic"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#German"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang_code": "yue",
"lang": "Cantonese",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"word": "-s",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"word": "ズ",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-zu"
},
{
"lang": "Malayalam",
"lang_code": "ml",
"word": "-സ്",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-sŭ"
},
{
"lang": "Nigerian Pidgin",
"lang_code": "pcm",
"word": "-s",
"raw_tags": [
"inherited",
"inherited"
]
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"word": "-s",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"word": "-s",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"word": "-s",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "suffix",
"glosses": [
"Used to form regular plurals of nouns.",
"Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms).",
"Forms names of sciences and fields of studies from adjectives (See Usage notes)",
"When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"recordId": "80c61ba32abaf4735aa1d16149f96a1da7a698a0e654bf78a4e86e8ed7406c4d",
"rawRecordSha256": "2c6de4209bdc4c96e7cd762eb5f50fe15c8f9e5a7622e43b1565b61de8a3718f",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 216465
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}