Unnumbered source etymology · variant 1/2
Original entry ↗Used to form nouns of action, process, or result based on the accompanying verb ending in -ise or -ize. · Used to form the name of a school of thought, system, or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder (When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism.) · Used to form names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology, or principle or lack thereof. · Used to form countable nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-id- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti Proto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō) Proto-Indo-European *-mos Proto-Indo-European *-mós Ancient Greek -μός (-mós) Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)der. English -ism Ultimately from Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós), a suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from the stem of verbs in -ίζειν (-ízein) (whence English -ize). Doublet of -ismus. Many English nouns in -ism are loans of Greek nouns in -ισμός (-ismós), often via Latin and French, such as Judaism, a learned English formation from Latin attested from c. 1500 and ultimately from Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós). In Late Latin, the -ismus suffix became the ordinary ending for names of religions and ecclesiastical or philosophical systems or schools of thought, thus chrīstiānismus (whence 16th c. Christianism) in Tertullian, a trend continued in Medieval Latin, with e.g. pāgānismus attested by the 8th century. From the 16th century, such formations became very common in English, until the early 18th century mostly restricted to either root words of Greek or Latin origin (heroism, patriotism) or proper names (Calvinism, Lutheranism). Productivity from root words with evidently non-Latin and non-Greek origin dates to the late 18th century (e.g. blackguardism). Reflecting this productivity, use of ism as a standalone noun is attested in Edward Pettit (1680) and becomes common from the mid-18th century. The narrowed sense of forming terms for ideologies based on the belief of superiority is based on coinages such as racism (1932) or sexism (1936) and productive since the 1970s.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
This page abbreviates 2 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
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"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":der",
"3": "grc:-ισμός<id:abstract noun>",
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"tree": "1"
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"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)der.\nEnglish -ism\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"abstract noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-id-\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-idyéti\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Hellenic\", \"term\" : \"*-íďďō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"grk-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ῐ́ζω\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"id\" : \"abstract noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-mós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-μός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ισμός\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ism\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"action nouns\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ism\" id=\"English:_action_nouns\">"
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"3": "-ισμός"
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"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ize"
},
"expansion": "English -ize"
},
{
"name": "dbt",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ismus"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -ismus"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "Ἰουδαϊσμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek Ἰουδαϊσμός (Ioudaïsmós)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-lat",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la-med",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Medieval Latin"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":der",
"3": "grc:-ισμός<id:abstract noun>",
"id": "action nouns",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-id-\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-idyéti\nProto-Hellenic *-íd͏̌d͏̌ō\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)\nProto-Indo-European *-mos\nProto-Indo-European *-mós\nAncient Greek -μός (-mós)\nAncient Greek -ισμός (-ismós)der.\nEnglish -ism"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*-id-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-id-"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-idyéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-idyéti"
],
[
"*-íd͏̌d͏̌ō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Hellenic/-íd͏̌d͏̌ō"
],
[
"-ῐ́ζω",
"-ίζω#Ancient_Greek:_verbal"
],
[
"*-mos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mos"
],
[
"*-mós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mós"
],
[
"-μός",
"-μός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ισμός",
"-ισμός#Ancient_Greek:_abstract_noun"
],
[
"-ισμός",
"-ισμός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ίζειν",
"-ίζειν#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ize",
"-ize#English"
],
[
"-ismus",
"-ismus#English"
],
[
"-ισμός",
"-ισμός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"Judaism",
"Judaism#English"
],
[
"Ἰουδαϊσμός",
"Ἰουδαϊσμός#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ismus",
"-ismus#Latin"
],
[
"chrīstiānismus",
"christianismus#Latin"
],
[
"Christianism",
"Christianism#English"
],
[
"pāgānismus",
"paganismus#Latin"
],
[
"heroism",
"heroism#English"
],
[
"patriotism",
"patriotism#English"
],
[
"Calvinism",
"Calvinism#English"
],
[
"Lutheranism",
"Lutheranism#English"
],
[
"blackguardism",
"blackguardism#English"
],
[
"ism",
"ism#English"
],
[
"racism",
"racism#English"
],
[
"sexism",
"sexism#English"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Interlingua",
"lang_code": "ia",
"word": "-ismo",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
},
{
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"word": "イズム",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
]
}
],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "suffix",
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns of action, process, or result based on the accompanying verb ending in -ise or -ize.",
"Used to form the name of a school of thought, system, or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder (When de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic \"doctrines\" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism.)",
"Used to form names of a tendency of action, behaviour, condition, opinion, or state belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology, or principle or lack thereof.",
"Used to form countable nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language"
],
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"sourceRecordOrdinal": 155438
}
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