Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗suffix
Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventoryA person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun. · A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily. · A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root. · A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-os? Proto-Indo-European *-o- Proto-Indo-European *-so- Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂so- Proto-Indo-European *-yós Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós Proto-Italic *-āsijos Proto-Italic *-āsios Latin -āriusnom. Latin -āriusbor. Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Old English -ere Middle English -ere ▲ Latin -ārius Old French -ierbor. Middle English -er English -er Inherited from Middle English -ere, -er, from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius; see Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz for an alternate theory. Reinforced by Middle English -er, from Old French -ier, also from Latin -ārius; compare the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr. The "inhabitant" sense is sometimes connected to Middle English -wær(r)e, -ware, from Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency), from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to protect”). Cognates Cognate with Saterland Frisian -er, West Frisian -er, Dutch -er, German Low German -er, German -er, Danish -er, Swedish -are and Icelandic -ari.
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
- Inherited-form mention-ere, -erenm
- Inherited-form mention-ereang
- Inherited-form mention*-ārīgmw-pro
- Inherited-form mention*-ārijazgem-pro
- Derivation mention-āriusla
- Inherited-form mention-erenm
- Derivation mention-ierfro
- Derivation mention-orfro
- Derivation mention-torla
- Derivation mention*-tōrine-pro
- Inherited-form mention-wareenm
- Inherited-form mention-wareang
- Inherited-form mention*-warigmw-pro
- Derivation mention*warjazgem-pro
- Derivation mention*wer-ine-pro
- Cognate mention-erstq
- Cognate mention-erfy
- Cognate mention-ernl
- Cognate mention-erde
- Cognate mention-erda
- Cognate mention-aresv
- Cognate mention-ariis
This page abbreviates 6 auxiliary source items. The etymology narrative is not shortened. Omission counts are available in the audit fields below; consult the original for complete auxiliary material.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-ere<id:agent suffix>",
"4": ":inh",
"5": "enm:-er<id:agentive>",
"id": "agent suffix",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"nom.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Nominalization of\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-āsijos\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂s(i)yós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-eh₂so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-so-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"athematic\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-os\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"alt\" : \"*-o-\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"suffix\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āsios\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"nominalization\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārijaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-ārī\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ere\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"agentive\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":nom\", \"3\" : \"-ārius<id:adjective>\", \"id\" : \"agent noun\", \"title\" : \"-ārius\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ārius\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"-ier\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-er\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"agent suffix\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-er\" id=\"English:_agent_suffix\">"
},
{
"name": "yesno",
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I"
},
{
"name": "glossary",
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ere, -er",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"lit": "",
"pos": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": "",
"id": "agentive",
"sc": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"nocat": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ere, -er"
},
{
"name": "inh+",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ere, -er",
"id": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English -ere, -er"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ere"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ere"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ārī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ārī"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ārijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ārius"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ārius"
},
{
"name": "m+",
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ārijaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -er"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ier"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ier"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ārius"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ārius"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-or"
},
"expansion": "Old French -or"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "xno",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tor",
"4": "-(ā)tor"
},
"expansion": "Latin -(ā)tor"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-tōr"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tōr"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ware",
"4": "-wær(r)e, -ware"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -wær(r)e, -ware"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ware",
"pos": "suffix denoting residency"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency)"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-wari"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-wari"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*warjaz",
"4": "",
"5": "inhabitant"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“inhabitant”)"
},
{
"name": "der",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*wer-",
"4": "",
"5": "to protect"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to protect”)"
},
{
"name": "col-top",
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "German Low German -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "German -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "Danish -er"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-are"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -are"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ari"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ari"
},
{
"name": "ety",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-ere<id:agent suffix>",
"4": ":inh",
"5": "enm:-er<id:agentive>",
"id": "agent suffix",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-os?\nProto-Indo-European *-o-\nProto-Indo-European *-so-\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂so-\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂s(i)yós\nProto-Italic *-āsijos\nProto-Italic *-āsios\nLatin -āriusnom.\nLatin -āriusbor.\nProto-Germanic *-ārijaz\nProto-West Germanic *-ārī\nOld English -ere\nMiddle English -ere\n▲\nLatin -ārius\nOld French -ierbor.\nMiddle English -er\nEnglish -er"
}
],
"links": [
[
"*-eh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂"
],
[
"*-os",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-os#Proto-Indo-European:_athematic"
],
[
"*-yós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yós#Proto-Indo-European:_suffix"
],
[
"*-āsios",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āsios#Proto-Italic:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_adjective"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"*-ārijaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz#Proto-Germanic:_noun"
],
[
"*-ārī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ārī#Proto-West_Germanic:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Old_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_agent_suffix"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin:_agent_noun"
],
[
"-ier",
"-ier#Old_French:_nouns"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Middle_English:_agentive"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English:_agentive"
],
[
"-ere",
"-ere#Old_English"
],
[
"*-ārī",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ārī"
],
[
"*-ārijaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin"
],
[
"*-ārijaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Middle_English"
],
[
"-ier",
"-ier#Old_French"
],
[
"-ārius",
"-arius#Latin"
],
[
"-or",
"-or#Old_French"
],
[
"-eor",
"-eor#Old_French"
],
[
"-our",
"-our#Old_French"
],
[
"-(ā)tor",
"-tor#Latin"
],
[
"*-tōr",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tōr"
],
[
"-wær(r)e, -ware",
"-ware#Middle_English"
],
[
"-ware",
"-ware#Old_English"
],
[
"*-wari",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-wari"
],
[
"*warjaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warjaz"
],
[
"*wer-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wer-"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#West_Frisian"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Dutch"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Low_German"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#German"
],
[
"-er",
"-er#Danish"
],
[
"-are",
"-are#Swedish"
],
[
"-ari",
"-ari#Icelandic"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "suffix",
"glosses": [
"A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.",
"A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.",
"A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root.",
"A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"informal"
],
"recordId": "3745432f8e9023bef31675997a7c9b0b745d3989b99572dbd9332c1390c3a172",
"rawRecordSha256": "9580b58d07216574737fa2ac0039fe5035c175e61ac0a8c80990566f34b15947",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 173306
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 6,
"glosses": 0
}
}