Source etymology 1
Original entry ↗Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.
From Middle English -ede, -ed. During the Middle English period, this increasingly standard -ed ending largely absorbed the class 1 weak past ending (-de) through morphological leveling. However, many class 1 verbs resisted this leveling to become modern irregular verbs (such as kept and left). This resistance was driven by phonotactics: attaching the consonant suffix directly to the stem often triggered pre-cluster vowel shortening (and consonant devoicing) in Early Middle English, creating a stark vowel alternation between the present and past tense that anchored the irregular form. Conversely, verbs that lacked this stark alternation (such as deem, where the early past tense demde remained insufficiently distinct from the present stem) were highly vulnerable to leveling, adopting the syllabic -ed to ensure the past tense was clearly marked. In modern usage, this morphological leveling has proceeded further in American English than in British English, which frequently preserves the irregular -t variant for such verbs. Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Dutch -d (“-ed”), German -t (“-ed”), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).
Relationships mentioned by the source
These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.
Inspect preserved source fields
Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.
{
"templates": [
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-ede<id:past>",
"id": "verb-past-tense"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-ode\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-ede\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-ed\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"verb-past-tense\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-ed\" id=\"English:_verb-past-tense\">"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ede",
"id": "past"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ede"
},
{
"name": "inh",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōd-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōd-"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ede",
"t": "-ed",
"pos": "first person singular past indicative ending"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-de",
"t": "-ed",
"pos": "first and third person singular past indicative ending"
},
"expansion": "Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-d",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -d (“-ed”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-t",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "German -t (“-ed”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ade",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -ade (“-ed”)"
},
{
"name": "cog",
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-aði",
"t": "-ed"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -aði (“-ed”)"
},
{
"name": "etymon",
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "enm:-ede<id:past>",
"id": "verb-past-tense"
},
"expansion": ""
}
],
"links": [
[
"-ede",
"-ede#Middle_English:_past"
],
[
"-ed",
"-ed#Middle_English"
],
[
"-de",
"-de#Old_English"
],
[
"deem",
"deem#English"
],
[
"-t",
"-t#English"
],
[
"*-ōd-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōd-"
],
[
"-ede",
"-ede#Saterland_Frisian"
],
[
"-de",
"-de#Low_German"
],
[
"-d",
"-d#Dutch"
],
[
"-t",
"-t#German"
],
[
"-ade",
"-ade#Swedish"
],
[
"-aði",
"-aði#Icelandic"
]
],
"references": [],
"descendants": [],
"lexical": [
{
"pos": "suffix",
"glosses": [
"Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"recordId": "6bfa329989371b7f70fb3c9f777fc71bd6aa04ef82be96e31157495db23057c7",
"rawRecordSha256": "77bfe3606577238aeed1f5536016b1a827b2b761a7ed813f22ce64c07194d112",
"sourceRecordOrdinal": 187240
}
],
"omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
"templates": 0,
"links": 0,
"references": 0,
"descendants": 0,
"lexicalRecords": 0,
"lexicalSenses": 0,
"glosses": 0
}
}