*SET-U

English word origin

Etymology of -and

From Middle English -and, -end, -ant, -nd, from Old English -ende, -ande, present participle ending of verbs, and -end, -nd, agent ending, both from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present partici

2 source sectionsExtended source reportWiktionary original ↗
In this entry · 2 source sections

The source etymologies

Wiktionary via Kaikki / Wiktextract

The source reports below are imported and unreviewed by *SET-U. Separate numbered origins and differing source variants are preserved; agreement within this extraction is not independent corroboration.

Source etymology 1

Original entry ↗
suffix

Used to form the present participle of verbs, equivalent to -ing. · A suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin forming adjectives from verbs analogous to -ing.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Middle English -and, -end, -ant, -nd, from Old English -ende, -ande, present participle ending of verbs, and -end, -nd, agent ending, both from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle suffix), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts. More at -ing.

Relationships mentioned by the source

These are extracted mentions, not a timeline or a verified sequence of immediate parents.

  • Inherited-form mention-andenm
  • Inherited-form mention-endeang
  • Inherited-form mention*-andīgmw-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*-andzgem-pro
  • Inherited-form mention*-ontsine-pro
Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-and"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -and"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-ende"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -ende"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-andī"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-andī"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-andz",
        "pos": "present participle suffix"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle suffix)"
    },
    {
      "name": "inh",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-onts"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-onts"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "-and",
      "-and#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "-end",
      "-end#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "-ant",
      "-ant#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "-nd",
      "-nd#Middle_English"
    ],
    [
      "-ende",
      "-ende#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "-ande",
      "-ande#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "-end",
      "-end#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "-nd",
      "-nd#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*-andī",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-andī"
    ],
    [
      "*-andz",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-andz"
    ],
    [
      "*-onts",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-onts"
    ],
    [
      "-ing",
      "-ing#English:_participial"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "suffix",
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the present participle of verbs, equivalent to -ing.",
        "A suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin forming adjectives from verbs analogous to -ing."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "dialectal",
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "recordId": "cab3d395b6515b93b58727e2d0c7e29361043f93093e4523394a24fe7621e8bf",
      "rawRecordSha256": "5b8abc068767a49e8cb97a4e9fe1dde471fc8c094f65d66969c6a9d1166c01e8",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 1328409
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Source etymology 2

Original entry ↗
suffix

A suffix forming nouns denoting patients (i.e., recipients of actions), such as compiland.

Selected source glosses provide context, not a complete modern definition inventory

From Latin gerundive termination -andus, -endus. More at -end.

Inspect preserved source fields

Raw extraction fields are retained for auditing. Their order does not establish ancestry.

{
  "templates": [
    {
      "name": "bor",
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin"
    }
  ],
  "links": [
    [
      "-andus",
      "-andus#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-endus",
      "-endus#Latin"
    ],
    [
      "-end",
      "-end#English"
    ]
  ],
  "references": [],
  "descendants": [],
  "lexical": [
    {
      "pos": "suffix",
      "glosses": [
        "A suffix forming nouns denoting patients (i.e., recipients of actions), such as compiland."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "recordId": "c12f08c02385984881db9ea35fd2d7f01cf8786d3ba577ebdf9661ff3ea995c2",
      "rawRecordSha256": "1e623965094adbdfe8d9e7fce02cf722cf7076392889043ddd5b06890439a442",
      "sourceRecordOrdinal": 1328410
    }
  ],
  "omittedAuxiliaryFields": {
    "templates": 0,
    "links": 0,
    "references": 0,
    "descendants": 0,
    "lexicalRecords": 0,
    "lexicalSenses": 0,
    "glosses": 0
  }
}

Where this record stops

This page does not supply an independently verified sound-change sequence, first-use manuscript or complete family tree unless a cited analysis explicitly establishes one. Missing detail here is a limit of this record—not a claim that humanity knows nothing more.

An older meaning does not determine what a word must mean today. Follow the sources, preserve disagreements, and keep ancestry separate from interpretation.

Contribute located evidence for -and →

Source and snapshot

Imported from Wiktionary contributors; extracted by Tatu Ylonen / Wiktextract / Kaikki.org. Selected fields are reformatted and grouped; wording, source identity and etymology sections are retained. CC-BY-SA-4.0 applies to the imported source material.

Dump: 2026-10-01 · Extracted: 2026-10-30. These are snapshot dates, not the word’s first attestation or the page’s revision date.

Source entry and bibliography ↗Wiktionary revision history ↗Acquisition and rights ledger
Machine-source provenance
Source SHA-256
5ff2c072f8099f2d2ce484bd6957bf179f046d2ad37bc36555edf8bb84cb5291
Import run
73216b9a9b78ed3830994bf853103716f5a4dc57099e371e9f8fdc468facca26
Permanent entry ID
w-LWFuZA