CLAIM / COUNTERCLAIM / LIMITRECORD 861
DISPUTE
RECORD.
One scholarly question. Every attached source. The present editorial state, without pretending the last word has been written.
resolvedestablished
Is *frijōnd- an attested Proto-Germanic spelling?
No. It is a normalized reconstruction behind a published cross-Germanic cognate set.
WORD UNDER REVIEWDISPUTE 861
frēond
approx. /ˈfreːo̯nd/ · Old English strong masculine nd-stem noun
Old English frēond is the directly attested source-language noun behind modern friend. OED analyzes it as an inherited strong masculine agent noun in -nd, ultimately a noun use of the present participle of the Germanic base behind free, and documents West Saxon frēond, Northumbrian and Kentish frīond, Kentish frīand, mutated frīend and frȳnd, endingless plurals, and re-formed frēondas. Bosworth–Toller prints freónd and friónd, explicitly links freónde loving to freón or freógan, and supplies examples for companion, ally, relation, friend of God, friend versus foe, and friends acting as arbitrators. OED independently preserves close companion, non-enemy, ally, and kinsman senses in Old English. Cotton MS Vitellius A XV folio 152r was directly inspected at Beowulf 1018, where the pixels visibly preserve freondum in Heorot innan wæs freondum afylled. The route reuses the reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes and then stops. The displayed pronunciation is a normalized approximation, not a recorded voice.
01DIRECT CLAIM EVIDENCE
1 SOURCES WITH A STANCE
A citation is not a vote. Each record says whether the work supports, challenges, contradicts, or contextualizes the position—and identifies the exact locus used.
SOURCE 01supportshistorical dictionary
Oxford English Dictionary — friend, n. & adj.
Supplies comparative reconstruction rather than an attested proto-token.
Cross-Germanic cognates and reconstructed stem-vowel history- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- Oxford English Dictionary editors
- YEAR
- 2013
- PUBLISHER
- Oxford University Press
02 / EDITORIAL STATE
THE CURRENT RECORD IS RESOLVED.
- CONFIDENCE
- established
- STATUS
- resolved
- LEGACY SOURCE SUMMARY
- No Proto-Germanic manuscript preserves the asterisked form.
RESOLUTION NOTEThe reconstruction remains visibly starred.