SOURCE 01supportshistorical dictionary
American Heritage Dictionary — friend
Supports the explicit boundary.
Deepest displayed prī- comparison- AUTHOR / EDITOR
- American Heritage Dictionary editors
- YEAR
- 2022
- PUBLISHER
- HarperCollins Publishers
PERMANENT DISPUTE RECORD
ALL DISPUTES ↗CLAIM / COUNTERCLAIM / LIMITRECORD 834
DISPUTE
RECORD.
One scholarly question. Every attached source. The present editorial state, without pretending the last word has been written.
resolvedestablished
Is one older ancestor securely known beyond proposed *prī-?
No reviewed earlier node clears the evidence boundary.
WORD UNDER REVIEWDISPUTE 834
vriend
/vrint/ · Dutch masculine de-noun
Dutch vriend continues Middle Dutch vrient and Old Dutch friunt. EWN identifies Old Dutch records around 1100 and derives the word from Proto-Germanic *frijōnd-, the old present participle of *frijōn-, to love; WNT and MNW independently preserve the participial analysis and a much wider historical sense field including companion, relative, ally, patron, lover, address, mediator, and supporter. The modern spelling has one syllable and the pronunciation /vrint/; historical vrind and vrund variants prevent spelling from being mistaken for unchanged sound. The graph reuses the same reviewed *frijōnd-, *frī-, and proposed *prī- nodes as English friend and German Freund, then stops.
01
DIRECT CLAIM EVIDENCE
1 SOURCES WITH A STANCE
A citation is not a vote. Each record says whether the work supports, challenges, contradicts, or contextualizes the position—and identifies the exact locus used.
02 / EDITORIAL STATE
THE CURRENT RECORD IS RESOLVED.
- CONFIDENCE
- established
- STATUS
- resolved
- LEGACY SOURCE SUMMARY
- The cited route stops after the proposed comparison.
The route ends at UNKNOWN.